ªð¦^­º­¶ | ªð¦^¥»®Ñ¥Ø¿ý |

 

ù°¨®Ñºü½×

 

§Ç¨¥

¡]¨÷¤W¡^

¦b¯«¾Ç°|©Ò±Ðªº½Òµ{¤¤¡A¥»¤H´¿¦h¦¸Á¿±Âù°¨®Ñ¡A¦]¦¹¸g±`¦³¾÷·|¾\Ū»Pù°¨®Ñ¦³Ãö¤§µÛ§@¡C¾\Ūªº§÷®Æ¶V¦h¡A¤]´N¶Vµoıù°¨®Ñªº²`¶ø¡A¤Î¤º¤¤¯u²zªºÄ_¶Q¡C´X¦~«e¨ü¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó©e°U¡A¼¶¼g¤Ñ¹D¸t¸gµùÄÀ¤¤ªºÃ¹°¨®Ñ¡A²`ı¥i¥H±N¥þ¥»®Ñ«H§@¦³¨t²Îªº¬ã¨s¡A¬O¤@·¥Ãø±oªº¾÷·|¡C¦ý¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¥H¼¶¼gµùÄÀ§@¥Ø¼Ð¡A²`¤J¬ãŪù°¨®Ñ¦U¤è­±ªº¦³Ãö¸ê®Æ®É¡A«Kµoı³o¤è­±ªº¸ê®Æ¹ê¦b«Ü¦h¡A¤£¯à¤@¤@²Ó¾\¡C¥ô¦ó¤H­n¼gù°¨®ÑªºµùÄÀ¡A³£­±¹ï¤@­Ó·¥¤jªº¬D¾Ô¡A¯S§O¦b®É¶¡¤Î¥iÀò¨úªº°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ³£·¥¦³­­ªºÀô¹Ò¤U¡A§ó¥[¦p¦¹¡C©¯Á«ªñ¨â¤T¦~¨Ó¡A¤p¨à¦b´X¶¡¦³¦Wªº¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªþªñ©~¦í¡A¸g¥L¤£Â_±H¨Ó¼v¦Lªº¸ê®Æ¡A¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M¤F¥»¤H¤@³¡¤Àªº§x¹Ò¡C

¥¿¦p¤Ñ¹D¸t¸gµùÄÀ¥Xª©¥Øªº¤¤©Ò»¡¡A³o®M®Ñ¥D­n¬O§Æ±æÀ°§U¦b±Ð·|¤¤¨Æ©^ªº¶Ç¹D¦P¤u¡A¤@¤è­±ª`·N±q­ì·N¸Ñ¸g¡A¤@¤è­±¤]ª`·NÀ³¥Î©ÊªºÄÀ¸g¡A©Ò¥H¦b¼¶¼gªº¹Lµ{¤¤ºÉ¶qÁקK¯Â¾Ç³N½×ÂIªº°Q½×¡C¬°¤FÁ¿¥X¸Ñ¸gªº®Ú¾Ú¦Ó¥²¶·§@¸û¾Ç³N©Êªº°Q½×®É¡A«h±N³oÃþ°Q½×ºÉ¶q©ñ¦bµù¸}¤¤¡A¥H¨D´î¤Ö¾\Ū®Éªº¤£«K¡C

¥»¤H¤@¤è­±¯¸¦b§@ªÌªº¥ß³õ¡A¤@¤è­±¯¸¦b³o®M¸t¸gµùÄÀªº·s¥ôÁ`½s¿èªº¥ß³õ¡AÂÔ¹ï¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¤Î¥v¤¦²z°òª÷·|ªº²§¶H¤Î©Ò§@ªº°^Ämªí¥Ü·q·N¡C

¦b¼g§@¤Î½s¦Lªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A±o¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¦P¤u¦h¤è­±ªºÀ°§U»P¦X§@¡A¥»¤H²`ªíÁ·N¡C

¥»®Ñ¤¤Ã¹°¨®ÑªºÄ¶¤å°ò¥»¬O®Ú¾Ú¤¤¤å¸t¸g·sĶ·|¥Xª©ªº·s¬ùĶ¥»¡A¥²­n®É¥[¥H­×§ï¡A¥Øªº¬O­nÀ°§UŪªÌ§ó·Ç½T©ú¥Õ¸t¸gªº­ì·N¡C©Ò¤Þ¥Îªº¨ä¥L¸g¤å¡A¦pµL¯S§Oµù©ú¡A¬ù¬O®Ú¾Ú©M¦X¥»¡A·s¬ù¬O®Ú¾Ú·sĶ¥»¡C©Ò¦³¸ÑÄÀ³£¬O®Ú¾Ú­ì¤å¡C

¥»¤HÂÔ¨D¯«½çºÖ¨Ï¥Î¡A¬ß±æ¦¹®Ñ¯àÀ°§U¤@¨Ç¦P¤u¡A¥s¥L­Ì¹ïù°¨®Ñªº±Ð°V¦³§ó²M·¡ªº»{ÃÑ¡C¥»®Ñ¹ê¦b¥¼¯à¹F¨ì²z·Q¡A»·»·¤£¤ÎÀ³¦³ªº¼Ð·Ç¡A¥»¤H¹ï³o¤@ÂI¤ñ¥ô¦ó¤Hª¾¹Dªº³£§ó²M·¡¡C

Àj·|¶é

¤@¤E¤E¤@¦~¥|¤ë

¡]¨÷¤U¡^

¥»®Ñ¡u¨÷¤W¡v¥Xª©¦Ü¤µ¤w¤­¦~¡A¦b¬q®É¶¡·íµM¤£Â_ªº¦b«ä·Q¡B¬ã¨s¡B·j¶°¦³Ãöªº¸ê®Æ¡C¦ý¦]¨ä¥L¤è­±ªº³d¥ô¡B¤£°±ªº®Èµ{¡A¤S¥[¤W·h¾E¡A¦Ü¤µ¤~¯à«j±j§¹½Z¡C¤¤¶¡¦³¦h¤H¸ß°Ý¡u¨÷¤U¡v¥Xª©ªº¤é´Á¡A³£´X¥GµL¨¥¥H¹ï¡A¦b¦¹¦VŪªÌ­Pºp¡C

¥»¤H­n¦hÁ¤ѹD®Ñ¼Ó¦P¤uªº§Ô­@¡A©M¦h¤è­±ªºÀ°§U¡A§_«h±N·|§ó¥[©µ½w¡C

¦b²`¤J¬ã¨s®É¡A§óı±où°¨®Ñªº¤U¥b³¡ªº±Ð°V¹ï¤µ¤é±Ð·|ªº¹ê»Ú»ù­È¡C§Ú¦Û¤v·PÁ¯«¦³¦¹¾÷·|¯à¦³¨t²Î²`¤Jªº¬ã¨s¦¹®Ñ¡A¤]¯à¹ï¥D¤ºªº¦P¤uµy¦³°^Äm¡C¦]®É¶¡ªººò­¢¡A¦b«Ü¦h¦a¤è³£¥¼¯à¦³§ó²`¤Jªºµo´§¡C²{ÂÔ°@·qªº±N¥¦©^Äm¦b¯«­±«e¡CÄ@¯«¨Ï¥Î¦¨¬°¤@¨Ç¤H»XºÖªº¾¹¥×¡C

Àj·|¶éÂÔÃÑ

¤@¤E¤E¤»¦~¥|¤ë

ºü½×

«Où§Ö­n§¹¦¨²Ä¤T¦¸°ê¥~§G¹Dªº®Èµ{®É¡A´¿©ú©úªºªí¥Ü¥L­n¨ìù°¨¥hªºÄ@±æ¡]®{¤Q¤E21¡^¡C¥L¦³³o¼Ëªº«ä·Q¡A³Ì¥D­n¤j·§¦³´X¤è­±ªº­ì¦]¡G­º¥ý¬O¦]¬°Ã¹°¨¦b¥@¬É¤Wªº­«­n¦a¦ì¡A¦AªÌ¡A·í®Éù°¨¦³«Ü¦hµS¤Ó¤H¡A¦P®É¤S¦]¬°¥L¬O¥~¨¹¤Hªº¨Ï®{¡A¦³§âºÖ­µ¶Ç¹M¥þ¥@¬Éªº°U¥I¡C

 

        ¤@¡Bù°¨»Pù°¨ªºµS¤Ó¤H{\LinkToBook:TopicID=103,Name=¤@¡Bù°¨»Pù°¨ªºµS¤Ó¤H}

    ¤G¡Bù°¨ªº±Ð·|{\LinkToBook:TopicID=104,Name=¤G¡Bù°¨ªº±Ð·|}

    ¤T¡Bù°¨®Ñªº§@ªÌ{\LinkToBook:TopicID=105,Name=¤T¡Bù°¨®Ñªº§@ªÌ}

    ¥|¡B¼g§@ªº®É¶¡©M¦aÂI{\LinkToBook:TopicID=106,Name=¥|¡B¼g§@ªº®É¶¡©M¦aÂI}

    ¤­¡B¼g§@ªº­ì¦]©M¥Øªº{\LinkToBook:TopicID=107,Name=¤­¡B¼g§@ªº­ì¦]©M¥Øªº}

    ¤»¡B¥þ®Ñªº§¹¾ã©Ê{\LinkToBook:TopicID=108,Name=¤»¡B¥þ®Ñªº§¹¾ã©Ê}

    ¤C¡B¥»®ÑªºÅéµô©M©Ê½è{\LinkToBook:TopicID=109,Name=¤C¡B¥»®ÑªºÅéµô©M©Ê½è}

    ¤K¡B¥þ®Ñªº¤ÀªR{\LinkToBook:TopicID=110,Name=¤K¡B¥þ®Ñªº¤ÀªR}

¤@¡Bù°¨»Pù°¨ªºµS¤Ó¤H

«Où¼gù°¨®Ñªº®É­Ô¡A¥§¸S¤ý§@ù°¨¬Ó«Ò¡C1¥§¸S¬O¤@­Ó«Ü¯S§Oªº¤H¡A¤@¤è­±¥L¤H«Ü½Ä°Ê¡A¦³®É§@¨Æ¯Ê¥F²z©Ê¡F¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¥L¤S¦³ªv²z¦æ¬Fªº¤Ñ¤~¡A«Ü·|µ½¥Î½å¯à¡C2¥§¸S®É¥N¡Aù°¨¤Ñ¤U¤Ó¥­¡A¤H¥Á¥Í¬¡¦w©w¡A¤H³£¥H§@ù°¨¤½¥Á¬°ºa¡C«Où¥Í¬°Ã¹°¨¤½¥Á¡A¦b¶ÇºÖ­µªº®Èµ{¤¤¡A¦h¦¸¦]¥Lªº¥ÁÄy¨ü¨ì«OÅ@¡]¬Ý®{¤Ü¤G22°_¡^¡C¦AªÌ¡A¦b¥L¶ÇºÖ­µ©Ò¨ì¤§³B¡A«Oùµo²{¨üù°¨¤å¤Æ¼vÅT¦a¤èªº¤H¡A³£¤ñ¸û®e©ö±µ¨üºÖ­µ¡C3ù°¨¬O¥@¬Éªº­º³£¡Aù°¨¤å¤Æªº¼vÅT©Ò¤Î¡A³£ª½±µ¼vÅTºÖ­µªº¶Ç¼½¡A¦]¦¹«Où¦³¨ìù°¨¥hªºÄ@±æ¬O¦ÛµMªº¡C

«Où·Q­n¨ìù°¨¥hªº¥t¤@­Ó­ì¦]¡A¬O·í®É¦bù°¨¦³«Ü¦hµS¤Ó¤H¡A4¤]¦³¤@¨Ç¤À´²¦b¤H®aùتº±Ð·|©M°ò·þ®{¡C«Où³Q¸Ñ¨ìù°¨ªº®É­Ô¡A¦³¡u§Ì¥S­Ì¡v¥X¨ìù°¨«°¥~¨Óªï±µ¥L¡A«Où¨£¤F¥L­Ì´N¡u©ñ¤ß§§Áx¡v¡C¦Ó¥B¨ì¤Fù°¨¡A«Où©Ò§@ªº²Ä¤@¥ó¨Æ¡A´N¬OÁ¿µS¤Ó¤Hªº­º»â¨Ó¡A¦V¥L­Ì¸ÑÄÀ¥L³Q¸Ñ¥hù°¨ªº­ì¦]¡]®{¤Ü¤K15°_¡^¡C

µS¤Ó¤H¦ó®É¶}©l²¾©~ù°¨¡A¤]³\¤£¤Ó®e©ö¦ÒÃÒ¡C¦b¥D«e¤@¦Ê¤»¤Q¦h¦~¡AµS¤Ó°¨¥[¤ñ¤ý´Âªº»â³S¡AµS¤j¡B¬ù®³¡B¦èªùµ¥¡A³£´¿®t»º¨ÏªÌ¥h©Mù°¨¥ß¬ù¡A¦n¦bµS¤Ó°ê¨ü§ðÀ»ªº®É­Ô¡A¥i¥H±où°¨ªºÀ°§U¡]°Ñ¬Ý°¨¥[¤ñ¤W¤K17-22¡A¤Q¤G1-4¡A¤Q¤­15-24¡^¡C¤£¹L¨S¦³ÃÒ¾ÚÃÒ©ú¦³ÅãµÛ¼Æ¥ØªºµS¤Ó¤H¨º®É¾E¨ìù°¨¥h©~¦í¡C

¦b¥D«e63¦~¡Aù°¨±N­xÃe¨©¡]Pompey¡^±a»â¤j­x©ºªAµS¤j¦a®É¡A¾Û¨«¤F³\¦hµS¤Ó¤H¥h§@«R¾Û¡C¦b¥D«e61¦~¡AÃe¨©¦bù°¨ªº³Ó§Q¹C¦æ¤¤¡A´N¦³³\¦hµS¤Ó«R¾Û¦b¥Lªº¶¤¥î¤¤¡C«Ü¦h³o¼ËªºµS¤Ó«R¾Û¦¨¤Fù°¨¤Hªº¥£Áõ¡A¦ý³o¨Ç¥£Áõ°í«ùµS¤Ó±Ðªº¥Í¬¡¤O¦¡¡A±`±`¤£¨üù°¨¤HÅwªï¡A¦]¦Ó³QÄÀ©ñ±o¤F¦Û¥Ñ¡C¨Ï®{¦æ¶Ç¤»³¹ªº¡u§Q¦Ê¦a®³¡v5·|°ó¡A¤j·§´N¬O³o¨Ç±oÄÀ©ñªºµS¤Ó¤Hªº·|°ó¡C

¦b¥D­C¿q®É¥N©M¨Ï®{®É¥N¡Aù°¨ªºµS¤Ó¤H¥i¯à¤w¸g«Ü¦h¡C²Ä¤G¥@¬öªì¡Aù°¨ªº¥v¾Ç®a¡A¸k¤Ù¥§´¿°O¸ü»¡¡G­²¦Ñ¥á¡u¦]µS¤Ó¤H¸g±`¨ü¤@­ÓºÙ¬°°ò·þªº¤H©Ò¬D¼·¡A¦Óµo¥Í°Ê¶Ã¡A©Ò¥H±N¥L­Ì±qù°¨»°¥X¥h¡C¡v6¦pªG³o¬q¸Ü¤¤©Ò»¡ªº¡u°ò·þ¡v¯u¬O«ü­C¿q°ò·þ¡A´NÅã©ú·í®É¦bù°¨¦³¤£¤ÖµS¤Ó¤H¡A¦Ó¥B¨ä¤¤«Ü¦h¥i¯à¤w«H¤F­C¿q¡A¦]¦Ó¤Þ°_¤Fù°¨¤HªºÅU§Ò¡C­²¦Ñ¥á¬O¦b¥D«á41¦Ü54¦~§@ù°¨¬Ó«Òªº¡C«ö¤@¯ë¤Hªº­pºâ¡A¥L»°³vµS¤Ó¤Hªº©R¥O¬O¦b¥D«á52¦~°õ¦æªº¡C¨È©~©Ô©M¦Ê°ò©Ô´N¬O¦b³o®É±qù°¨³Q»°¨«¡A¦b­ôªL¦h¹J¨£¤F«Où¡A¤@°_¦P¤u¡]®{¤Q¤K2°_¡^¡C±q¨È©~©Ô©M¦Ê°ò©Ôªº¨£ÃÒ¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¦b«Où¨ì¹F¥H«e¡Aù°¨ªº±Ð·|¤w¸g¦s¦b¤F¦n¦h¦~¡C¦bù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤­³¹23¸`«Où´¿»¡¡G¡u§Ú¦h¦~¨Ó¤S«Ü·Q¥h¨£§A­Ì¡C¡v¦b­²¦Ñ¥á¥h¥@¥H«á¡AÅX³vµS¤Ó¤Hªº©R¥O°±¤î¤F¡A«Ü¦hµS¤Ó¤H¡A¥]¬A³\¦h°ò·þ®{¡AÅãµM¤S¾E¦^¤Fù°¨¡C7

 

1 Nero Caesar, A.D. 54-68.

2 °Ñ¬ÝLightfoot, Philippians, pp.268f¡C«Où¼gù°¨®Ñ®É¡A¹ê»Ú¤W´x²z´Â¬Fªº¬O´µ¦h¨È¬£ªº­õ¾Ç®a¨¯¥§¥[(Seneca)¡C´µ¦h¨È¬£¤Hªº­Û²z¤H¥Í¥H²M·GµÛºÙ¡A¦]¦¹«Ü±o¥Á¤ß¡C

3 Ramsay«ü¥X¡A¦b«Où²Ä¤@¦¸§G¹D®Èµ{¤¤Åã¥Ü¡A¦b¨üù°¨¤å¤Æ¼vÂQ¦hªº¦a¤è¡A³£¤ñ¸û®e©ö±o¨ìªG®Ä¡F¥L¶}©l¤u§@®É¡A¦b«n¥[©Ô¤Ó©Ò«Øªº¥|³B±Ð·|¡A³£¬O¦bù°¨¤å¤Æ¼vÂQ¤Oªº¤¤¤ß¦a¤è¡AThe Church in the Roman Empire, p.147f. ¦]¦¹Ramsay»{¬°«Où¥H¬°ºÖ­µ´NÀ³¸Ó«öù°¨«Ò°êµo®iªº½d³ò¨Ó¶Ç¡C·íµMµLªk¨ãÅéÃÒ¹ê³o¤@ÂI¡A¦ý«Où¹ïù°¨ªº­«µø«Ü©úÅã¡C

4 J. Jeremias»{¬°¥i¯à¦³¥|¦Ü¤»¸U¤H¡CJerusalem in the Time of Jesus, p.83.¡C

5 Libertini·N¬°±o¦Û¥ÑªÌ¡C

6 Suetonius ¼g¹D: Claudius "expelled the Jews from Rome, because they constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus". Life of Claudius, 25: 4, Loch, ed. ³o¥y¸Ü·íµM¥i¯à¦³¤£¦Pªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C¦ý³Ì¦X²z¤]¬O³Ì®e©öªº¸ÑÄÀ¬O¡A¤j·§¦]¬°Åª­µªº¬Û¦ü¡A±NChristusŪ¬°Chrestus¡A¹ê»Ú¤W©Ò«üªº¬OChristus¡A¬O°ò·þ¡C

7 °Ñ¬ÝCranfield, Rom. I, p.18.

¤G¡Bù°¨ªº±Ð·|

ù°¨ªº±Ð·|¬O¦p¦ó¶}©lªº©O¡H¦b¼gù°¨®Ñ¥H«e¡A«Où¨S¦³¨ì¹Lù°¨¥h¡A©Ò¥Hù°¨ªº±Ð·|¤£¥i¯à¬O¥L¶}©lªº¡C¸t¸g§O³Bªº°O¸ü¡A¤]¨SÁ¿¨ìù°¨±Ð·|¶}©lªº±¡ªp¡F¦]¦¹¦³Ãöù°¨±Ð·|ªº°_·½¡A¥u¯à±q¤@¨Ç¸g¤åªº´£¥Ü¨Ó±À½×¡C¤jÅ黡¨Ó¡A¦³¤TºØ¬Ýªk¡G¥Ñ©¼±o³Ð¥ßªº¡A¥Ñ¤­¦¯¸`®É¦b­C¸ô¼»§N±o±ÏªºÃ¹°¨«È®È³Ð¥ßªº¡A¤Î¥Ñ¨ä¥L¦a¤èªº°ò·þ®{¨Óù°¨®É³Ð¥ßªº¡C

­º¥ý¡Aù°¨±Ð·|¬O©¼±o³Ð¥ßªº¥i¯à¡AÁöµM¹L¥h´¿¦³¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¾ÇªÌ¡A¬°±Ð¸qªº­ì¥Ñ¡A¥D±i¦¹»¡¡A¦ý¦]¬°¯Ê¤Ö¨¬°÷ªº«ÈÆ[¤ä«ù¡A©Ò¥H¥D±i¦¹»¡ªº¤H«Ü¤Ö¡C¦ý³Ìªñ¥¬®Ô¤S´£¥X¡A®Ú¾Úù°¨±Ð·|ªºµS¤Ó¦â±m¡A¥i¥H±À½×¸Ó±Ð·|¬O¥Ñ©¼±o©M¶®¦U¤@¦P³Ð¥ßªº¡A8¦ý¥L­Ìªº²z½×¦P¼Ë¨S¦³«ÈÆ[ªºÃÒ¾Ú¨Ó¤ä«ù¡C¦Ó¥B¥¿¦p¦h¦ì¾ÇªÌ©Ò«ü¥X¡A¦pªGù°¨±Ð·|¬O©¼±o©Ò³Ð¥ß¡A©ÎªÌ¦b«Où¤§«e©¼±o´¿¨ìù°¨¥h¡A¨º»ò¦bù°¨®Ñ¤¤¡A¨S¦³²z¥Ñ°¦¦r¤£´£¦¹¨Æ¡C9¤µ¤Ñ®t¤£¦h¨S¦³¾ÇªÌ±µ¨ü¦¹½×ÂI¡C·íµM¤@¨Ç¶¡±µªº¨£ÃÒ¡A10¤Î±Ð·|ªº¶Ç²Î¡A11³£Åã©ú©¼±o½T´¿¨ìù°¨¥h¡A¤£¹L¬O¦b«Ü±ßªº®É­Ô¡C¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¸ñ¶HÅã¥Ü¦bù°¨®Ñ¥H«e©¼±o¥h¹Lù°¨¡C©¼±o«e®Ñªº¼g§@¤Î¨Ï®{ªº®îÃø³£¬O¦b«Où¼gù°¨®Ñ¥H«á¡C©¼±o¤£¥i¯à¬Où°¨±Ð·|ªº³Ð©l¤H¡C

¥t¥~¤@­Ó±`´£¨ìªº¥i¯à¡A¬O¤­¦¯¸`¸tÆF­°Á{®É¡A¦³±qù°¨¨ÓªºµS¤Ó¤H©M¶iµS¤Ó±Ðªº¤H¦b³õ¡C³o¨Ç¤H¦b­C¸ô¼»§N«H¤F¥D¡A¦^¨ìù°¨¥H«á¡A¦ÛµM­n¦V¥|©Pªº¤H§@¨£ÃÒ¡A¥Ñ¦¹´N¦¨¥ß¤Fù°¨ªº±Ð·|¡C¨º®Éªº«H®{¦]±o¤F­«¥Íªº¸gÅç¡A¤ßùؤõ¼ö¡A¦V¥|©Pªº¤H§@¨£ÃÒ¡AÀ³·í¬O«Ü¦ÛµMªº¨Æ¡CÁöµM¦³¨Ç¾ÇªÌ§¹¥þ§_»{¦¹¥i¯à©Ê¡A12¦ý¥L­Ì©Ò«ùªº²z¥Ñ¨Ã¤£«Ü±j¡C¥L­Ì©Ò«ùªº¤@­Ó²z¥Ñ¬O·í®É¦b­C¸ô¼»§Nªº¤H¨Ó¦Û«Ü¦h¦a¤è¡A¬°¬Æ»ò³æ³æù°¨¨Óªº¤H¦^¥h¶ÇºÖ­µ¡A«Ø¥ß¤F±Ð·|¡A¦Ó§Oªº¦a¤èªº¤H¨S¦³¦p¦¹§@¡H³o¬O¤@­Ó«Ü¦³·N«äªº°ÝÃD¡A¦ý¨Æ¹ê¬O§_¦p¦¹«o­È±o·r°u¡C¸t¸g©Ò°O¸üªº¬O»P§@ªÌ°O­zªº¥Øªº¦³Ãöªº§÷®Æ¡F¨S¦³ª½±µÃö«Yªº§÷®Æ¡A§@ªÌ¥i¯à¤£¥[°O­z¡A¦ý¤£°O­z¬O§_µ¥©ó¤£¦s¦b´N¬O¥t¥~ªº°ÝÃD¤F¡C¦bù°¨¦]«H®{ªº¨£ÃÒ¦¨¥ß¤F¦h­Ó¦b®a®x¤¤ªº±Ð·|¡A¦b§Oªº¦a¤è¬O§_´N¨S¦³©O¡H©ÎªÌ«H®{´N¨S¦³¥h§@¨£ÃÒ©O¡H­C¸ô¼»§N±Ð·|¨ü¹G­¢¡Aªù®{³Q»°´²¡A¡u¨º¨Ç¤À´²ªº¤H¡A©¹¦U³B¥h¶Ç¹D¡C¡v¡]®{¤K4¡^¥L­Ìªº¤u§@ªG®Ä¦p¦ó¡A§Ú­Ì¤£ª¾¹D¡C«OùÁÙ¨S¦³±o±Ï¥H«e¡A¤j°¨¦â«°ùئ³¤F°ò·þ®{¡]®{¤E10°_¡^¡A³o¨Ç«H®{¦³¨S¦³¦b¤@°_»E¶°©O¡HÁÙ¥i¥HÁ|§ó¦h³oÃþªº¨Ò¤l¡C

¥t¤@­Ó¤£±µ¯Ç¦¹¥i¯àªº²z¥Ñ¬O³o¨Ç¦b¤­¦¯¸`«H¥Dªº¤H¡A­è«H¥D¨º»òµuªº®É¶¡¡A§Y¨Ï­n¥h¶ÇºÖ­µ¡A¥L­Ì¹ïºÖ­µªº»{Ãѫܦ³­­¡A¤£¥i¯à¶Ç±o¦n¡C13³æ³æ¾ÌµÛ¤­¦¯¸`Å¥ªº¹D´N¥h¶ÇºÖ­µ¡A¥L­Ì¤@©w¤£·|¶Ç±o«Ü§¹¥þ¡F¦Ó¹ê»Ú¤W§Ú­Ì¤]¤£ª¾¹Dù°¨ªº±Ð·|¹ï¯u²z©ú¥Õ¨ì¬Æ»òµ{«×¡C¦ý¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¨Ï®{¦æ¶Ç§i¶D§Ú­Ì¡A³o¨Çªù®{¦b¤­¦¯¸`«H¥D¥H«á¡A¤Ñ¤Ñ¦b¤@°_»â¨ü¨Ï®{ªº±Ð°V¡A©¼¦¹¥æ³q¡]®{¤G41-47¡^¡CÁöµM¸t¸g¨S¦³»¡³oºØ±¡§Îºû«ù¤F¦h¤[¡A¦ý¥L­Ì¦³¤@¬q®É¶¡»â¨ü¯u²z¡AÃø¹DÁÙ¤£°÷¥h¶ÇºÖ­µ¶Ü¡H

¦A¤@­Ó²z¥Ñ¨Ï¥L­Ì©Úµ´¦¹¥i¯àªº¡A¬O¨Ï®{¦æ¶Ç²Ä¤Ü¤K³¹¥½¤F©Ò°Oªº¡A«Où¨ì¤Fù°¨¥H«á¡AµS¤Ó¤Hªº»â³Sªí¥Ü¹ï±Ð·|ªº«H¥õ§¹¥þ¤£»{ÃÑ¡C¦pªG³o¨ÇµS¤Ó¤H±q­C¸ô¼»§N¦^¥h´N¥|©P¥h§@¨£ÃÒ¡A³o¨ÇµS¤Ó¤Hªº»â³S«ç¯à¹ïºÖ­µ§¹¥þ¤£»{ÃÑ©O¡H14¨ä¹êù°¨µS¤Ó¤Hªº»â³S¤£¬O§¹¥þ¤£ª¾¹D¡A¥L­Ì¹ïºÖ­µ¦³¤@¨Ç¤ù­±ªºª¾ÃÑ¡A©ÎªÌ¿ù»~ªºª¾ÃÑ¡A¥L­Ì»¡¡G¡u¦]¬°³o±Ðªù¡A§Ú­Ì¾å±o¬O¨ì³B³Q·´Á½ªº¡C¡v¡]®{¤Ü¤K22¡^¤£«HªºµS¤Ó¤H¡A¹ï±Ð·|ªº«H¥õ¦³¿ù»~ªº»{ÃÑ¡A¤@ÂI¤]¤£·N¥~¡C

²Ä¤T­Óù°¨±Ð·|°_·½ªº¥i¯à¡A¬O§O³Bªº°ò·þ®{±NºÖ­µ±a¨ìù°¨¥h¡C·í®ÉªºÃ¹°¨¥i¥H»¡¬O¥@¬Éªº­º³£¡A¦U¦a¦U¤è¡B¦UºØ¦U¼Ëªº¤H³£­n¨ìù°¨¥h¡C¹L¥h«Où¤u§@¹Lªº¦a¤è¡A¦p¦w´£ªü¡BµÌ¥ß¤ñ¡B­ôªL¦hµ¥¡A³£¤@©w±`¦³¤H¨Ó©¹Ã¹°¨¡A³o¨Ç¨Ó©¹ªº¤H¤¤¤@©w¦³¤£¤Ö¬O°ò·þ®{¡A¦Ó¥B¨ä¤¤¥i¯à¦³¨Ç¬O´¿©M«Où¦P¤u¡B¦³¸gÅ窺¶ÇºÖ­µªº¤H¡C´¿¦b­ôªL¦h©M«Où¦P¤uªº¨È©~©Ô©M¦Ê°ò©Ô¡A²{¦b´N¤w¸g¦^¨ìù°¨¡C¦bù°¨®Ñ¥½§À°Ý¦wªº¸ÜùØ¡A«Où´£¨ì¤Q¦h­Ó¤Hªº¦W¦r¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¡u¦b°ò·þùØ»P§Ú­Ì¦P¤uªº¦Õ¤Ú¥£¡v¡]ù¤Q¤»9¡^¡C³o¨Ç¤H©M¨ä¥L³\¦h¨Ó©¹Ã¹°¨ªº°ò·þ®{¡A¦¨¤F¤@ªÑ¶ÇºÖ­µªº¤O¶q¡A¦b¨ºùضǤFºÖ­µ¡C

¦b¤W­±©Ò´£ªº¤TºØ¥ß½×¤¤¡A©¼±o³Ì¦­³Ð¥ßù°¨±Ð·|ªº¥i¯à©Ê¥i¥H»¡¤£¦s¦b¡C¥t¥~¨âºØ¡A¦b¤­¦¯¸`«H¥DªºÃ¹°¨«È®È¤Î©¹§O³B¨ìù°¨¥hªº«H®{¡A¦bù°¨¶ÇºÖ­µ¡A¥i¥H¦P®É¦¨¥ß¡C¤£¦Pªº¤H¦b¤£¦Pªº±¡ªp¤Uµ²¥X¤FºÖ­µªºªG¤l¡A¶}©l¤Fù°¨ªº±Ð·|¡C

¦Ü©óù°¨±Ð·|²Õ¦¨ªº©Ê½è¾ãÅ骺½ü¹ø«Ü²M·¡¡A¦ý¨ãÅ骺²Ó¸`´N¤£¯à¤ÓªÖ©w¡Cù°¨±Ð·|¤¤«ÜÅãµM¬O¦³µS¤Ó¤Hªº¡A¨È©~©Ô©M¦Ê°ò©Ô¬OµS¤Ó¤H¡A«OùºÙ¦w¦h¥§¥j©MµS¥§¨È¬°¥Lªº¿ËÄÝ¡]ù¤Q¤­6¡^¡A³o¨â­Ó¤H¤j·§¤]¬OµS¤Ó¤H¡Cù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤­³¹¤C¦Ü¤E¸`ªº»y®ð¤]¬O¹ïµS¤Ó¤HÁ¿ªº¡C15¤£¹L¡AÁöµMù°¨±Ð·|¤¤¦³¤£¤ÖµS¤Ó«H®{¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦­´Áªº«H®{¥i¯à«Ü¦h³£¬OµS¤Ó¤H¡A«o«ÜÃøÃÒ©úµS¤Ó¤H¦bù°¨±Ð·|¤¤¦û¤j¦h¼Æ¡C16ù°¨±Ð·|¤£¬O¥HµS¤Ó¤H¬°¥Dªº±Ð·|¡C

ù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤@³¹¤Q¤T¸`¤Î²Ä¤Q¤@³¹¤Q¤T¸`¤@Ãþªº¸g¤å¡AÅã©ú«Où³o«Ê®Ñ«H¡A¥D­n¬O¼gµ¹¤@­Ó¥~¨¹¤Hªº±Ð·|ªº¡Cù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤­³¹¤Q¦Ü¤Q¤G¸`ÅãµM¬O¹ï¥~¨¹¤HÁ¿ªº¡A¦Ó²Ä¤Q¤»³¹¤¤«Où°Ý­Ôªº¤H¤¤¡A¦³±Nªñ¤@¥bªº¦W¦r¬O¥~¨¹¤Hªº¦W¦r¡C17¦]¦¹Ã¹°¨ªº±Ð·|ªÖ©w¬O¤@­Ó¥H¥~¨¹¤H¬°¥Dªº±Ð·|¡C³o¨Ã¤£¬O»¡Ã¹°¨±Ð·|¤¤¨S¦³µS¤Ó¤H¡A«Ü¥i¯à¦³¤£¤ÖªºµS¤Ó¤H¡A¦ý¾ã­Ó±Ð·|ªº²Õ¦¨¬O¥H¥~¨¹¤H¬°¥D¡C®Ñ¤¤¦³¨Ç¸g¤å¡A±qªí­±¬Ý¡A¥i¯àªí©úù°¨±Ð·|¬O¥HµS¤Ó¤H¬°¥Dªº¡Cù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤C³¹¤@¸`¡A«Où»¡¡u§Ì¥S­Ì¡A§Ú²{¦b¹ï©ú¥Õ«ßªkªº¤H»¡¡v¡C©ú¥Õ«ßªkªº¤HÀ³¸Ó¥D­n¬O«üµS¤Ó¤H»¡ªº¡C³o¤@ÂI«Ü¦³²z¥Ñ¡A¦ý¥t¤@¤è­±¡A«H¤F¥Dªº¥~¨¹¤H¤]¤£·|¹ï«ßªk¤@µL©Òª¾¡C¦Ó¥B«ö¾H¤óªº±À½×¡Aªì´Á±Ð·|ªº¥~¨¹«H®{¥D­n¬O¨Ó¦Û°@¸Û©Î·q¬È¯«ªº¥~¨¹¤H¡A¬Æ¦Ü¬OÂk¤ÆµS¤Ó±Ðªº¤H¡C18ù°¨³o¤è­±ªº²{¶H¥i¯à¤ñ§Oªº¦a¤è§óÅãµÛ¡A¦]¬°µS¤Ó¤Hªº¥Í¬¡©M¹D¼wÆ[¡A¹ï¥~¨¹¤H¦³«Ü¤jªº§l¤Þ¤O¡C¦p¦¹³o¨Ç¥~¨¹ªº°ò·þ®{¹ï«ßªk¤@©w¦³¬Û·íªº»{ÃÑ¡Fªp¥B«Où³oùØ©Ò»¡ªº¡u©ú¥Õ«ßªk¡v¤£¤@©w¬O«ü¹ï¼¯¦è«ßªk¦³«Ü²`ªº¤F¸Ñ¡C

ù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤T³¹¤@¸`¤Î¥H«á¤@¬q¸g¤å¤]±`³Q¬Ý§@¬O¤@­Ó¦³¤Oªº²z¥Ñ¡AÃÒ©úù°¨±Ð·|¥D­n¬O¥ÑµS¤Ó¤H²Õ¦¨ªº¡C¦pªG»¡Ã¹°¨±Ð·|¥D­n¬O¥Ñ¥~¨¹°ò·þ®{²Õ¦¨ªº¡A¨Ã¤£¬O»¡±Ð·|¤¤¨S¦³µS¤Ó«H®{¡F¦]¦¹¦³¤@³¡¤ÀµS¤Ó«H®{¹ï«Où©Ò»¡¤H­n«ö¦Û¤v©Ò¦³ªº«G¥ú¨ü¼f§Pªº¯u²z¦³¤ÏÀ³¡A¤£¬O·N¥~ªº¨Æ¡C¦Ó¥B«Où¦b³o¬q¸g¤å¤¤©ÒÅGÅ@ªº¡A°ò¥»¤W¤£¬OµS¤Ó¤Hªº°ÝÃD¦Ó¬O¯«ªº«H¹êªº°ÝÃD¡AµS¤Ó¤Hªº°ÝÃD¥u¬O¨ä¤¤¤@ÂI¡C¥t¤@¬q»Ý­n«ä·Qªº¸g¤å¬Où°¨®Ñ²Ä¤E¦Ü¤Q¤@³¹¡C¦pªGù°¨±Ð·|¤£¬O¥HµS¤Ó¤H¬°¥D¡A¬°¬Æ»ò¥Î³o»ò¦h½g´T¨ÓÁ¿µS¤Ó¤Hªº°ÝÃD¡H¦ý³o¼Ë¸ÑÄÀ¥i¯à»~¸Ñ¤F«Oùªº·N«ä¡C³o¤@¤j¬q¸g¤å¥D­n¬O¸ÑÄÀ¦]«HºÙ¸qªº¯u²z¬O¯«¦b¥þ¤HÃþ¨­¤Wªº­p¹º¡C«e­±Á¿§¹¤F±Ï®¦ªº¯u²z¥H«á¡A©ÎªÌ¦³¤H·|»¡¡A«Où©ÒÁ¿ªº±Ïªk©ÎªÌ¾A¥Î©ó¥~¨¹¤H¨­¤W¡A¦ýµS¤Ó¤H¬O¾a¥t¥~¤@ºØ¤èªk±o±Ï¡C«Où»¡¤£¬O¦p¦¹¡A¦]«HºÙ¸qªº¯u²z¾A¥Î©ó¥þ¤HÃþ¡C¦Ó¥B¦b³o¬q¸g¤åªº¥½¤F¡A²Ä¤Q¤@³¹¤Q¤T¸`¤@¬q¸g¤å¡A«Où¦b«jÀy¤w¸g¦]«HºÙ¸qªº°ò·þ®{¡A¤£­n¦Û¸Ø¦Ó»´¬Ý¨º¨Ç¼È®É³Q¯«±óµ´ªºµS¤Ó¤H¡C³o¼Ëªº¸g¤å¤£¯àÃÒ©úù°¨±Ð·|¥D­n¬OµS¤Ó¤H²Õ¦¨ªº¡C

ù°¨±Ð·|¤¤ÅãµM¦³«Ü¦hµS¤Ó«H®{¡A¦ý«ÜÃøÃÒ©úù°¨±Ð·|¬O¥HµS¤Ó¤H¬°¥D¡Cù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤@³¹¤Q¤T¸`¤Î²Ä¤Q¤@³¹¤Q¤T¸`¤@¬q¸g¤åµ¹§Ú­Ì¬Ý¨£¡A¾ãÅé¨Ó»¡¡Aù°¨±Ð·|¬O¤@­Ó¥~¨¹¤Hªº±Ð·|¡C

 

8 R.E. Brown and J.P. Meier, Antioch and Rome: New Testament Cradles of Catholic Christianity p.110f.

9 °Ñ¬ÝGodet, Rom, p.37; Hodge, Rom, p.6; Cranfield Rom. I, p.17.

10 ©¼«e¤­13ªº¤Ú¤ñ­Û¥i¯à¬O·t«üù°¨¡C­YªG¦p¦¹¡A«h©¼±o¼g©¼±o«e®Ñ®É¬O¦bù°¨¡C

11 §J§Q§K³ü®Ñ°O¸ü»¡¡G©¼±o©M«Où¦b¡u§Ú­Ì¤¤¶¡¡v®îÃø¡CI Clement 5: 2ff¡C¸Ó®Ñ¬Où°¨¥D±Ð§J§Q§K¦bA.D.95-96¼g¦¨ªº¡C¸g¹L¸ÔºÉªº¤ÀªR«á¡A®wº¸°Òªºµ²½×¬O§J§Q§Kªº¨£ÃÒ¬O¥i¾aªº¡A©¼±oªº½T¥h¹Lù°¨¡A¥B¦º¦b¸Ó³B¡C¨£O. Cullmann, Peter: Disciple, Apostle, Martyr, 2nd ed, 1962. ¯S§O­È±oª`·Nªº¡A¬O¸Ó®ÑªºI. 3.2, "History of the Debate Whether Peter Resided in Rome," ©M I. 33, "The Literary Sources," pp.72-122.

12 ¬ÝGodet, Romans, pp.38ff.

13 ¬ÝSanday and Headlam, Romans, p.xxviii

14 ¬ÝGodet, Romans, pp.38f.

15 ¦pù¤Q¤­8-9¡G¡u§Ú»¡°ò·þ¬O¬°¯«¯u²z§@¤F¨ü³Î§¤Hªº°õ¨Æ¡A­nÃÒ¹ê©ÒÀ³³\¦C¯ªªº¸Ü¡F¨Ã¥s¥~¨¹¤H¡A¦]¥Lªº¼¦¼§¡AºaÄ£¯«¡C¡v³oùتº»y®ð¡AÅãµMªº¬O¦b¦VµS¤Ó¤HÁ¿¸Ü¡A¡u¥~¨¹¤H¡v¤@µü¤]¬O«üÁ¿¸Ü¤¤²Ä¤TªÌªº»y®ð¡C

16 ÁöµM¦b¤@¦Ê¦h¦~«e¡AF.C. Baur³Ì¥ý¦b¦aªºPaul the Apostle of Jesus Christ, I, pp.321ff. Á¿ªº¥ß³õ¡A¥D±iù°¨±Ð·|¤¤ªºµS¤Ó¤H¦û¤j¦h¼Æ¡A·í®É«Ü¨ü¾ÇªÌ­Ìªº¤ä«ù¡A¤µ¤Ñ³o¼Ë¤ä«ùªº¤H¤w¤£¦h¤F¡C

17 J.D.G. Dunn»{¬°³o¤@ÂI¯S§O­È±oª`·N¡A¥L»{¬°Ã¹°¨±Ð·|ªº«H®{¤¤¡A¥~¨¹¤Hªº¤ñ¨Ò¤@©w«Ü°ª¡A¤£¹L«Où¬G·N¦bù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤»³¹¤£¦h´£¥~¨¹¤Hªº¦W¦r¡F¦]¬°¦bù°¨¦a¤U¹Ó¥Þ¤¤©Òµo±¸¥Xªº°ò·þ®{ªº¦W¦r¡A¦³¤@¥b¥H¤W¬O¥~¨¹¤Hªº¦W¦r¡A¦Óù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤»³¹ªº¤H¦W¤¤¡A¥u¦³¤@¥b¥H¤U¬O¥~¨¹¤Hªº¦W¦r¡CRomans, I, p.lii¡C¦ý³o¤@ÂI¦³¥i¯à¬O¡G«Où¬JµM¨S¦³¥h¹Lù°¨¡A¥L¦Û¤v¬OµS¤Ó¤H¡A¥L©Ò»{ÃѪºÃ¹°¨°ò·þ®{µS¤Ó¤H¦ÛµM¤ñ¥~¨¹¤H¦h¡C

18 Dunn, Romans I, xlviii.

¤T¡Bù°¨®Ñªº§@ªÌ

¥»®Ñ¤@¶}©l´N»¡©ú¬O¨Ï®{«Où©Ò§@¡C³o¤@¥ß³õ¤µ¤Ñ´¶¹M³Q¾Ç³N¬É±µ¯Ç¡A¬Æ¦Ü³\¦h·s¬ù¾ÇªÌ»{¬°¡uù°¨®Ñªº§@ªÌ¡v¬O¤@­Ó¤£¥²¦A°Q½×ªº°ÝÃD¡C19¤@¦Ê¦h¦~«e´X­Ó¤£©Ó»{«Où¬°¥»®Ñ§@ªÌªº¥D½×¡A¤µ¤Ñ³QºÙ¬°·s¬ù¬ã¨sªº©Ç²{¶H¡C20±Ð¤÷¤Þ¥Î¥»®Ñªº¨£ÃÒ¡A21±Ð¸qªº¤º®e¡A22¤Î¾ú¥v¨Æ¹êªº¦LÃÒ¡A23¬Ò»P«Où¼g§@¥»®Ñªº¥ß³õ¬Û²Å¦X¡Cºî¦X¥H¤W©Ò´£¦UÂI¡A§Ú­Ì¨S¦³²z¥ÑÃhºÃ«Où¬°¥»®Ñªº§@ªÌ¡C

«Où¥Í¦b°ò§Q®aªº¤j¼Æ¡]®{¤Ü¤G3¡^¡A«ö«Où¦Û¤v»¡¡A¤j¼Æ¡u¤£¬OµL¦W¤p«°¡v¡]®{¤Ü¤@39¡^¡C°ò§Q®a¬O¤p¨È²Ó¨ÈªF«n³¡¤@­Ó­«­nªº¬Ù¤À¡A¤j¼Æ¬O°ò§Q®aªº­º³£¡AÂ÷¦a¤¤®ü©¤¬ù¤Q¦h¤½¨½¡A«Ø¦b¦è¼w§VªeÃä¡A24¯¸¦bªF¦è¥æ³qªº­n¹D¤W¡A¥æ³q¤è«K¡A¹A²£Â×´I¡F¥_Ã䦳¥LĬ¤s¡A25¤sÃä¯bªª¦Ï¸s¡A²±²£¦Ï¤ò¡A¬O½s´±b¹õ¥¬ªº¦n§÷®Æ¡C

¤j¼Æ¦b¦a²z¤W¥i¥H»¡¦ì©óªF¦è¤å¤Æ¥æ¬yªºªù¤á¡A¤@¤è­±¨üªF¤è¤å¤Æªº¼vÅT¡A¦P®É¤]¨ü§Æþ¤å¤Æªº°ö¨|¡A©Ò¥H°ò§Q®a¡A¯S§O¬O¤j¼Æ«°¡A¬°´µ¦h¨È­õ¾Ç¼vÅTªº¤¤¤ß¡C26¦Ó¥B¤j¼Æ¤S¦³«Ü¤jªº¾Ç®Õ¡A¤Î¦³¦Wªº¹B°Ê³õ¡C«Où¦b³o¼ËªºÀô¹ÒùØ´ç¹Lµ£¦~¡A§Æþ­õ¾Ç«ä·Q¦b¥L¨­¤W¤@©w¯d¤U¤F«Ü²`»·ªº¦L¶H¡C

¦ý«Où©Ò¨üªº¥¿¦¡±Ð¨|«o¬O¥HµS¤Óªº±Ð¨|¬°¥D¡C¡u§Ú­ì¬OµS¤Ó¤H¡A¥Í¦b°ò§Q®aªº¤j¼Æ¡Aªø¦b³o«°¡]­C¸ô¼»§N¡^ùØ¡A¦b­{º¿¦Cªºªù¤U¡A«öµÛ§Ú­Ì¯ª©vÄYÂÔªº«ßªk¨ü±Ð¡C¡v¡]®{¤Ü¤G3¡^­Y«ö·Ó¥D­C¿q©Ò¦æªº¡A¤Q¤G·³¥h­C¸ô¼»§N¡]¸ô¤G42¡^¡A«Où¤]¥i¯à¦b¤Q¤G·³®É¨ì­C¸ô¼»§N¥h¡A¨ü­{º¿¦Cªº±Ð¾É¡C27¦]¦¹¦b¤j¼Æ©Ò¹Lªº³Ì¦­ªº¤Q¦~¥ª¥k¡A«Où¾Ç²ß¨Ã³q¾å¤F§Æþ¤å¡A¦b­C¸ô¼»§N©Ò¨üªºµS¤Ó±Ð¨|©M¥L¥Íªøªº®a®x¡A¨Ï¥LÀ´§Æ§B¨Ó¤å©M¨ÈÄõ¤å¡C¦bÁ¿­z¥L¦Û¤vªº­I´º®É¡A«Où»¡¥L¬O¡u§Æ§B¨Ó¤H©Ò¥Íªº§Æ§B¨Ó¤H¡v¡]µÌ¤T5¡^¡C¡u§Æ§B¨Ó¤H¡v¤@»y¡A¦b«Où®É¥Nªº¥Îªk¡A»P¡u¥H¦â¦C¤H¡v¤£¦P¡C¡u¥H¦â¦C¤H¡v¥i¯à¥u¬O«ü¦b¦å²Î¤W¬OÄÝ©ó¨È§B©Ô¨uªº«á¸Ç¡A¦Ó¡u§Æ§B¨Ó¤H¡v«h¬O«ü¦b»y¨¥¡B¤å¤Æµ¥¤è­±³£«öµS¤Ó¤Hªº¤è¦¡¥Í¬¡ªºµS¤Ó¤H¡C¨Ï®{¦æ¶Ç²Ä¤»³¹¤@¸`¸ô¥[Á¿¥X¡u»¡§Æ§Q¥§¸ÜªºµS¤Ó¤H¡v¡A»P¡u§Æ§B¨Ó¤H¡vªº¹ï·Ó¡A¤j·§´N¬O­nªí¹F³o«ä·Q¡C28«Où¦b­C¸ô¼»§N¦V¸s²³Á¿¸Ü¬O¥Î§Æ§B¨Ó¸Ü¡]®{¤Ü¤G1¡^¡F¥D­C¿q¦b²§¶H¤¤¦V«OùÁ¿¸Ü®É¡A¤]¬O¥Î§Æ§B¨Ó¸Ü¡C¥Ñ¦¹ºØºØ¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¡A«Où³Ì²ßºDÁ¿ªº¸Ü¬O§Æ§B¨Ó¸Ü¡A©ÎªÌ¦Ü¤Ö¥Lªº§Æ§B¨Ó¸Ü©M§Æþ¸Ü¤@¼Ë¬y§Q¡C

«Où¨üªºµS¤Ó¤H±Ð¨|¡A¤£³æ¨Ï¥LÀ´µS¤Ó¤Hªº»y¨¥¡A¦Ó¥B¨Ï¥L¦³µS¤Ó¤H¶Ç²Îªº«ä·Q¤è¦¡¡C¥L¦Û¤v»¡¥L¬O¤@­ÓÄYÂÔªºªk§QÁɤH¡]®{¤Ü¤»5¡FµÌ¤T6¡^¡A³o¤@ÂI·íµM¼vÅT«Oùªº¸Ñ¸g¤èªk¡A¦ý§ó­«­nªº¬O¹ï¥L«H¥D¥H«eªº¥Í¬¡Æ[©M©v±ÐÆ[ªº¼vÅT¡C¥L¹L¥h·¥¤O¹G­¢±Ð·|¡]®{¤Ü¤»9-11¡^¡A¦]¬°«öµÛªk§QÁɤHªº±Ð°V¡A¥L¥H¬°¥u¦³³o¼Ë§@¤~¯à»X¯«®®¯Ç¡]¥[¤@13-14¡F´£«e¤@13¡^¡Cªk§QÁɬ£ªº¯SÂI´N¬O­n¥s¤H¾aµÛ¦u«ßªkªº¥\³Ò±o¯«ªº³ß®®¡C¦ý¦b±o±Ï¥H«á¡A«Où¤~»{²M·¡¡A¡u¤Z¦³¦å®ðªº¡A¨S¦³¤@­Ó¦]¦æ«ßªk¡A¯à¦b¯«­±«eºÙ¸q¡C¡v¡]ù¤T20¡^29¤j°¨¦â¸ô¤Wªº¸gÅç¡A¨Ï¥L¹ï¤H©M¯«ªºÃö«Y¡A¦³¤F§¹¥þ¤£¦Pªº¬Ýªk¡C¡u¬Jª¾¹D¤HºÙ¸q¤£¬O¦]¦æ«ßªk¡A¤D¬O¦]«H­C¿q°ò·þ¡A³s§Ú­Ì¤]«H¤F°ò·þ­C¿q¡A¨Ï§Ú­Ì¦]«H°ò·þºÙ¸q¡A¤£¦]¦æ«ßªkºÙ¸q¡A¦]¬°¤Z¦³¦å®ðªº¡A¨S¦³¤@¤H¦]¦æ«ßªkºÙ¸q¡C¡v¡]¥[¤G16¡^«Où³o¤è­±ªº»â¨ü©M»{ÃÑ¡A¹ï¾ã¥»Ã¹°¨®Ñªº±Ð°V¦³ª½±µªº¼vÅT¡C

 

19 Dodd, Rom., p.xiii; Barrett, Rom., p.1.

20 "Curiosities of N.T. Scholarship", Cranfield, Romans I, p.1.

21 I Clement 32.2, cf. Rom. 9:4f.; Clement of Alex 1:8, cf. Rom. 11:22; Ignatius, Eph. 19:3, cf. Rom. 6:4; Ignatius, Against Heresy 3:16.3, Cf. Rom. 1:1.

22 ù°¨®Ñªº±Ð¸q¡A¯S§O¬O¦]«HºÙ¸qªº±Ð°V¡A»P¥[©Ô¤Ó®Ñ¤Î­ôªL¦h®Ñ¤º®eªº¹ï·Ó·¥¨ä²Å¦X¡C

23 ù¤Q¤­25fÁ¿¨ì¬°­C¸ô¼»§N¸t®{®½´Úªº¨Æ¡A»PªL«e¤Q¤»³¹¡AªL«á¤K³¹¤Î®{¤G¤Q¡A¤Ü¤@³¹¬Û¤ñ¸û¡C

24 Cydnus River.

25 Mt. Tarsus.

26 Olaf Moe¯S§O«ü¥X´µ¦h¨È­õ¾Ç®aZeno II Aratus, Athenodorusµ¥¬Ò´¿ªø®É¶¡¦b¤j¼Æ±Ð¾Ç¡AAthenodorusªº¾Ç¥ÍSeneca¦¨¤F§ó¦³¦Wªº´µ¦h¨È¬£­õ¾Ç®a¡CThe Apostle Paul, his life and his work, pp.25ff.

27 O. Moe¥H¬°¦³¥i¯à«Où¬O¤Q·³®É¨ì­C¸ô¼»§N¥hªº¡COp.cit. p.39.

28 Bruce»{¬°³o¼Ëªº§Æ§B¨Ó¤H¤j·§°Ñ¥[¦b·q«ô®É§¹¥þ¥Î§Æ§B¨Ó¤å©M¨ÈÄõ¤åªº·|°ó¡CBP, p.42.

29 ¦b¸ÑÄÀ«Où±o±Ïªº­I´º®É¡ADunn¤Þ¥ÎW.D. Davis, "Paul and the People of Israel," NTS 24 [1977-78] 20»¡¡A¡u«Où¦b±µ¨ü¤@­ÓµS¤Ó¤H­C¿q§@À±ÁɨȮɡA¥L¨Ã¤£¥H¬°¬O¶i¤J¤F¤@­Ó·sªº©v±Ð¡A¦Ó¬Oµo²{µS¤Ó¤Hªº¶Ç²Î¦b°ò·þ¨­¤W§¹¥þªºªí¹F¥X¨Ó¤F¡K¡K¥L¤£·|¥H¬°¥L±q¦¹¤£¦A¬OµS¤Ó¤H¡A©Î¬O¶}©l¤F¤@­Ó·sªº©v±Ð¡C¡vRomans I, p.xlif. ³o¼Ëªº¥ß½×«Ü®e©ö³Q¤H»~·|¡C¦pªG»¡¯«¦b¬ù©Ò±Ò¥Üªº¤ß·N¦b°ò·þ¨­¤Wªí¹F¥X¨Ó¤F¡A§Ú­Ì·íµM¦P·N¡F¦ý¦b°ò·þ¨­¤W©Òªí¹Fªº¤£¬OµS¤Ó¤Hªº¶Ç²Î¡A¯S§O¬Oªk§QÁɱЭ̪º¶Ç²Î¡C

¥|¡B¼g§@ªº®É¶¡©M¦aÂI

¦bù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤­³¹¤Q¤E¸`¡A«Où»¡¥L¦b°¨¨ä¹y¥HªF¤w¸g§âºÖ­µ¶Ç¹M¤F¡A©Ò¥H³o«Ê®Ñ«HÀ³¸Ó¬O¼g¦b«Où²Ä¤T¦¸°ê¥~§G¹D®Èµ{ªº¥½´Á¡Cù°¨®Ñ¤Q¤­³¹¤Ü¤­¸`»¡¥L¹w³Æ±N°¨¨ä¹y©M¨È¸Ó¨È±Ð·|¬°­C¸ô¼»§N¦³»Ý­nªº¸t®{§@ªº©^Äm°e¥h¡A©Ò¥H³o®É¥L¥¿¦b¹w³Æ©¹­C¸ô¼»§N¥h¡C¦b­ôªL¦h®Ñ«HùØ¡A«Où«jÀy¥L­Ì§â³o¨Ç®½¶µ¹w³Æ¦n¡A¥L¥hªº®É­Ô¥i¥H§â¿ú°e¥h¡]ªL«e¤Q¤»1°_¡FªL«á¤E1°_¡^¡A²{¦b³oµ§¿ú¹w³Æ¦n¤F¡A«Où´N­n©¹­C¸ô¼»§N¥h¤F¡C

«Où¼g³o«Ê®Ñ«H®É¬O¦í¦b¸ÓµS®aùØ¡]ù¤Q¤»23¡^¡A¦¹¸ÓµS¤j·§´N¬O«Où´¿µ¹¥L¬I¬~ªº­ôªL¦h¤H¡]ªL«e¤@14¡^¡C«Où³o®É¦í¦b¥L®aùØ¡A¤j·§¬O¦b­ôªL¦h¡C¦b®Ñ«H¤¤«Où¯S§O¤¶²Ð¤@­Ó¤k°õ¨Æ«D¤ñ¡]ù¤Q¤»1¡^¡C«D¤ñ¬O°í­²­ù¤H¡A°í­²­ù¬O­ôªL¦hªF«n­±ªº¤@­Ó´äÉI¡C³o®É«D¤ñ¹w³Æ¨ìù°¨¥h¡A«Où¤@¤è­±¦Vù°¨±Ð·|¤¶²Ð¦o¡A¤@¤è­±¤]Á¿¦o¶¶«K±a³o«Ê«H¥h¡C¦]¦¹«Où¦b­ôªL¦h¼gªº³o«Ê«H¡A¬O¶¶²z¦¨³¹ªº¨Æ¡C

ù°¨®Ñªºµ§ªk«Ü¥­Ã­¡A²Õ´©P±K¡A±À²zÄYÂÔ¡AÅã¥X«Où¼g§@ªº®É­Ô¤ß¹Ò¥­©M¡A¨S¦³¥~¦bªºÅÍÂZ¡C«Où¦b²Ä¤T¦¸®Èµ{ªº¥½¤F¡A¸g¹L¥H¥±©Òªº­·ªi¡]®{¤Q¤E23°_¡^¡A¨Ó¨ì§Æþ¡A´N¬O­ôªL¦h¡A¦b¨ºùئí¤F¤T­Ó¤ë¡]®{¤G¤Q2°_¡^¡F¦b³oùØ¥L¦³¤@¬q«Ü¦wÀRªº®É¶¡¡A«Ü¾A¦X¼gù°¨®Ñ³o¼Ëªº§÷®Æ¡C«Où¼g¥»®Ñ®É¡A´£¼¯¤Ó»P¥L¦P¦b¡]ù¤Q¤»21¡^¡C¸ô¥[§i¶D§Ú­Ì¡A«Où¦b­ôªL¦h®É¡A´£¼¯¤Ó½T¬O©M¥L¦b¤@°_¡]®{¤G¤Q4¡^¡C±q¥H¤W¦U¤è­±ªº¨£ÃÒ¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥HÂ_©wù°¨®Ñ¬O«Où¦b¥L²Ä¤T¦¸§G¹D®Èµ{ªº¥½¤F¡A¦b­ôªL¦h°±¯dªº®É­Ô¼gªº¡C

¦h¥b¾ÇªÌ³£¦P·N¥H¤Wªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¦ý«Où¬O¦b¨º¤@¦~¦b­ôªL¦h°±¯d¨º¤T­Ó¤ë¡A´N¤ñ¸ûÃø¨M©w¤F¡C¸t¸g¤W´£¨ìªº»P¥@¬É¾ú¥v¦³Ãöªº¨Æª«¡A¦³®É¥i¥Hµ¹§Ú­Ì¤@¨ÇÀ°§U¡C«Où¦b­ôªL¦h¶Ç¹Dªº®É­Ô¡A´¿³QµS¤Ó¤H±±§i¡A¦bù°¨¬£¨ì­ôªL¦h§@¤è§Bªº­{¬y­±«e¨ü¼f¡]®{¤Q¤K12°_¡^¡C­{¬yªº¥ô´Á¬O¦b¥D«á52¦~¡C30«ö·í®Éªº¨î«×¡A¤è§B¡]©ÎºÙÁ`·þ¡^ªº¥ô´Á¬O¤@¦~¡A¦³®É¥i¯à§@¨â¥ô¡C¦p¦¹­{¬yªº¥ô´Á¥i¯à¬O¥D«á50¦Ü54¦~¤ºªº¥ô¦ó¨â¦~¡A«Où¦b­ôªL¦h¨ü¼fªº®É´Á¥i¯à¬O¥D«á50¦Ü54¦~¤ºªº¥ô¦ó®É´Á¡C³o¥ó¨Æµo¥Í¦b«Où²Ä¤G¦¸°ê¥~§G¹D®Èµ{ªº¥½§À¡C¥H«á¥L´¿¨ì­C¸ô¼»§N¡B¦w´£ªüµ¥¦a¥h¡F¦A¹L¨Ç®É­Ô¶}©l²Ä¤T¦¸°ê¥~§G¹D®Èµ{¡A¤¤³~¸g¹L¤F¤@¨Ç¦a¤è¡AµM«á¦b¥H¥±©Ò¤u§@¤F¨â¦~¹s¤T­Ó¤ë¡]®{¤Q¤E8-10¡^¡A¦A¨Ó¨ì­ôªL¦h¡C³o¦¸¨Ó¨ì­ôªL¦h®É¼g¤Fù°¨®Ñ¡C­n¨M©w¦b¦ó®É¼gù°¨®Ñ¡A¥ý­n¨M©w«Où¬O¦b¦ó®É¦b­{¬y­±«e¨ü¼f¡A¬O¦b¥D«á50¦~¡AÁÙ¬O¦b¥D«á54«á¡A©Î¤¤¶¡ªº¥ô¦ó¤@¦~¡H¤£¦Pªº¾ÇªÌ¡A®Ú¾Ú¥L­Ì¤£¦Pªº¬Ýªk¡A¦³¤£¦Pªº·N¨£¡C31¾ãÅ黡¨Ó¡A§Ú­Ìı±o¥D«á57¦~¥V©Î58¦~¬K³Ì¬°¾A¦X¡C«Où©M¦P¦ñ³o¦¸¦^­C¸ô¼»§N¥hªº®Èµ{¬O­¼²î¥hªº¡]®{¤G¤Q6¡B13¡^¡A¦Ó¥V¤Ñ¦a¤¤®üªº®ü­±¤£¾A©ó¯è¦æ¡C«Où¤S«æ¤Áªº¬ß±æ¦b¤­¦¯¸`«e»°¨ì­C¸ô¼»§N¡]®{¤G¤Q16¡^¡A©Ò¥H¥L­Ì¹L¤F¥V¤Ñ¤]¤£·|µ¥±o¤Ó¤[¡C¦]¦¹»¡³o¥»®Ñ¬O¦b¥D«á57¦~¥V¥½©Î58¦~ªì¬K¼gªº³Ì¬°¾A¦X¡C32

 

30 ¬ÝC.K. Barrett, The New Testament Background: Selected Documents, p.48f.

31 John Knox»{¬°¬O¦b¥D«á53¦~¡AIB, IX, p.358; Leon Morris»{¬°¬O¦b¥D«á55¦~¡ARomans, p.7; C.E.B Cranfield»{¬°¬O¦b¥D«á55-56¦~ªº¥V¤Ñ¡ARomans I, p.14; F. Godet »{¬°«Où¦b¥H¥±©Ò©~¦íªº®É¶¡¬O¥D«á54-57¦~¡A©Ò¥H¥L»{¬°Ã¹°¨®Ñ¬O¼g¦b¥D«á57-58¦~ªº¥V¤Ñ¡ARomans, p.47¡C

32 ¾ã­Ó«Oùªº¦~¥N±ÀÛ®«e«á¦³¤@¨â¦~¡A¬Æ©Î¨â¤T¦~ªº®t§O¡A¤@ÂI¤]¤£¬°·N¥~¡C

¤­¡B¼g§@ªº­ì¦]©M¥Øªº

ù°¨®Ñ¬O¤@«Ê¤ñ¸û¯S§Oªº®Ñ«H¡C«Où¦b¼g¥»®Ñ¥H«e¨S¦³¨ì¹Lù°¨¡Cù°¨±Ð·|©M«Où¨S¦³¯S§O­Ó¤HªºÃö«Y¡A«Où¤]¨S¦³´£¨ìù°¨±Ð·|­±¹ï¥ô¦ó¯S§OÄY­«ªº°ÝÃD¡C«Où¨ä¥Lªº®Ñ«H¦h¥b¬O¬°­n³B²z±Ð·|¤¤¤@¨Ç¨ãÅ骺°ÝÃD¡A¦p¦P­ôªL¦h®Ñ¡A©«¼»Ã¹¥§­{®Ñ¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó¼gµ¹¥L¨S¦³¨£¹L­±ªººqù¦è±Ð·|ªº®Ñ«H¡A³£¬O¬°¸Ñµª¤@¨Ç«H¥õ°ÝÃD¡A©Î³B²z¤@¨Ç°ò·þ®{¥Í¬¡¤Wªº°ÝÃD¡C¦bù°¨®Ñ¤¤¦n¹³¬Ý¤£¥X¦³³o¤@Ãþªº°ÝÃD¡A¨Ï«Où»Ý­n¼g¤@«Ê³o¼Ëªøªº®Ñ«H¡C¦]¦¹Ã¹°¨®Ñ¼g§@ªº¥Øªº¦¨¤Fªñ¦~¨Ó·s¬ù¬ã¨s¤¤¤@­Ó¯S§O¨üª`·Nªº°ÝÃD¡C33³\¦h¾ÇªÌ³£·Q±q®Ñ¤¤¤@¨Ç·t¥Üªº°ÝÃD¡A§ä¥X«Où¼g®Ñªº²z¥Ñ¡C¨Ò¦p¦³¤H»{¬°Ã¹°¨®Ñªº¥Øªº¬O¬°­n¸Ñ¨Mù°¨±Ð·|¤¤¡u«H¤ß³n®zªº¡v»P¡u«H¤ß±j§§ªº¡v¡A¨âµ¥¤H¤§¶¡ªº½Ä¬ð¡C34¤S¦p¦P¦³¤H»{¬°«Où¼g¥»®Ñªº¥D­n¥Øªº¬O¬°¦Û¤v§@¨Ï®{ªºÅv¬`ÅGÅ@¡C35

¨Ï®{«Où¼g®Ñ«Hªº®É­Ô¡A¤£¤@©w¥u¦³¤@­Ó¥Øªº¡C¥L¥i¯à¦³¦n¦h¤è­±ªº­ì¦]¡A¤£¹L³o¨Ç­ì¦]¤£¤@©w³£¬O¦P¼Ëªº­«­n¡C36¯S§O¹³Ã¹°¨®Ñ³o¼Ë¸ûªø¡A¦Ó¥B¤º®e·¥Â×´Iªº®Ñ«H¡A«Où®Ñ¼gªº®É­Ô¤ß¤¤¦³´X¤è­±ªº«ä·Q¡A¬O«Ü¦ÛµMªº¨Æ¡C©Ò¥HÁ¿¨ìù°¨®Ñªº¥Øªº®É¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H±q´X­Ó¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡C

1.±q¶ÇºÖ­µªºµ¦²¤¨Ó¬Ý\i0 ¡@«Où¦Û¤v»¡¥L¥ß¤F§Ó¦V¡A¤£¦b°ò·þªº¦W³QºÙ¹Lªº¦a¤è¶ÇºÖ­µ¡]ù¤Q¤­20¡^¡C±q²Ä¤Q¤»³¹¥i¥H¬Ý¥X·í®Éù°¨¤w¸g¦³«Ü¦h°ò·þ®{¡A¬Æ¦Ü¤£¤Öªº±Ð·|¡A¦ý«Où«o¤@ª½·Q¨ìù°¨¥h¡A¥B¦b¥L­Ì¤¤¶¡°µ¨Ç¤u§@¡]ù¤@13¡A¤Q¤­22¡^¡C«Où³oºØÄ@±æ°Z¤£¬O»P¥L¦Û¤vªº§Ó¦V¬Û¹H¤Ï¶Ü¡H

«Où³o¼ËªºÄ@±æ©M­p¹º¦³¤@­Ó°ò¥»ªº­ì¦]¡C¦b²Ä¤T¦¸§G¹D®Èµ{§¹¦¨¥H«á¡A«Où»¡¦b§Æþ¥HªFªº¦a¤è¡AºÖ­µ¤w¸g¶Ç¹M¤F¡C«Où§@¬°¥~¨¹¤Hªº¨Ï®{¡A­p¹º­n§âºÖ­µ¶Ç¨ì§ó»·ªº¦è¤è¥h¡C«öµÛ¦¸§Ç¡A§Æþ¥H«áÀ³¸Ó¨ìù°¨¥h¡F¦ý²{¦bù°¨¤w¸g¦³¤F±Ð·|¡A©Ò¥H«Oùªº¥Ø¼Ð¬O¨ì¦è¯Z¤ú¥h¶ÇºÖ­µ¡]ù¤Q¤­23¡^¡C

±q¹L¥hªº¸gÅç¬Ý¡A¯«¤u§@ªº¤è¦¡¬O¦b¤@­Ó¦a¤è§â±Ð·|«Ø¥ß°_¨Ó¡A¨Ï³o±Ð·|¦¨¬°ºÖ­µªº®Ú¾Ú¦a¡A§âºÖ­µ¶Ç¨ì§ó»·ªº¦a¤è¡C«Où¬O±q¦w´£ªü³Q®t»º¥X¥hªº¡AÅãµM¬O¦w´£ªüªº±Ð·|¤ä«ù¥Lªº§G¹D¤u§@¡A¦Ó¥L¤]¬O¦V¦w´£ªüªº±Ð·|­t³d¡A©Ò¥H¥Lµ²§ô¤@¦¸§G¹D®Èµ{®É¡A¤@©w­n¦^¨ì¦w´£ªü¥h¦V±Ð·|³ø§i¡]¬Ý®{¤Q¥|25¡A¤Q¤K18¡B22¡^¡C²{¦b«Où­n¨ì¦è¯Z¤ú¥h¶ÇºÖ­µ¡A«ö·í®É®È¦æªº±¡ªp¡A¦è¯Z¤úÂ÷¦w´£ªü¤Ó»·¤F¡A«Où«ÜÃø¨C§¹¦¨¤F¤@­Ó¤u§@¡A´N¦^¨ì¦w´£ªü¥h¥æ«Ý¡C¦]¦¹¦b¥h¦è¯Z¤ú¥H«e¡A¥L»Ý­n¤@­Ó¶ZÂ÷¤ñ¸ûªñªº±Ð·|¡A§@¬°¥Lªº®Ú¾Ú¦a¡Cù°¨¤w¸g¦³¤F±Ð·|¡A¦pªGù°¨ªº±Ð·|©ú¥Õ¦¹¹D²z¡AªÖºÉ§@ºÖ­µ®Ú¾Ú¦aªº¥»¤À¡A´N¬O³Ì²z·Qªº¤F¡C©Ò¥H«Où¼g³o«Ê®Ñ«H¹w³Æ¥L­Ì¡C¦bù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤­³¹¤Ü¥|¸`¡A«Où®t¤£¦h¤w¸g»¡©ú¤F¡A¥L§Æ±æ¨ì¤Fù°¨©M¥L­Ì¦³¥æ©¹¥H«á¡A¥L­Ì¯àµ¹¥L°e¦æ¡]¤Q¤­24¡^¡C

2.±q¯u²zªº®â°ö¨Ó¬Ý¡@±Ð·|¦³³d¥ô¤ä«ù¶ÇºÖ­µªº¤u§@¡A³o¬O·íµMªº¯u²z¡F¦ý²{¦b«Où¤£ª¾¹Dù°¨±Ð·|¦³¨S¦³³o¤è­±¨¬°÷ªº±Ð¾É¡C¦pªGù°¨±Ð·|¬O¥L«Ø¥ßªº¡A¥L¤w¸gµ¹¥L­Ì¨¬°÷ªº±Ð¾É¡A³o®É¤]³\¥uµy·L¤@´£¿ô´N°÷¤F¡C¦ý²{¦b¤£¦P¡A©Ò¥H¥L­n§â¾ã­Ó¯u²z¦V¥L­ÌÁ¿¸Ñ¡C

¦P®É¦b¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¤@¨Ç¶ÇÁ¿¿ù»~±Ð°Vªº¤H¡A¯S§O¬O¤@¨ÇµS¤Ó±Ðªº¤H¡A¤j·§±q¤p¨È²Ó¨È¶}©l¨Ó¨ì§Æþ¡A¥L­Ì©Ò¶Çªº¨Ï©«¼»Ã¹¥§­{±Ð·|¨ü¤FÅÍÂZ¡]¬Ý®{¤Q¤C1-15¡^¡C³o¨Ç¤H·|¤£·|Ä~Äò©¹¦è¨«¡A¤]¨ìù°¨¥h¶ÇÁ¿¥L­Ìªº±Ð°V©O¡H¬°¤F¹w¨¾Ã¹°¨±Ð·|¨ü¨ìÅÍÂZ¡A«Où¼g¤F³o«Ê®Ñ«H¡C³o¼Ëªº¤F¸Ñ¥i¥HÀ°§U§Ú­Ì©ú¥Õ¬°¬Æ»ò¥»®Ñ¤¤ªº±Ð¸q¡A¯S§O¬O¦³Ãö¦]«HºÙ¸q¤Î±Ï®¦ªº¯u²z¡AÁ¿±o¨º»ò¸Ô²Ó¡C

3.±qÀô¹Òªº¹w³Æ¨Ó¬Ý¡@«Où¦b«H¤¤¦Vù°¨±Ð·|¤¶²Ð«D¤ñ©n©f¡C«D¤ñ¬O°í­²­ù±Ð·|ªº¤k°õ¨Æ¡]ù¤Q¤»1¡^¡A°í­²­ù¬O­ôªL¦hªF«n­±ªº´ä¤f¡A²{¦b«D¤ñ­n¨ìù°¨¥h¡A«Où¦]¥Lªº¨­¤À¡A¤Î¥L¦bù°¨»{ÃѨº»ò¦h¤H¡A©Ò¥H¼g«H¤¶²Ð¦o¡C·í®Éªº¥æ³q¤£¤è«K¡A«H¥ó¨Ó©¹·íµM¤]¤£®e©ö¡A¬JµM¦³¤@­Ó©n©f­n¨ìù°¨¥h¡A·íµM¤£¥i¥H©ñ¹L³o¼Ëªº¦n¾÷·|¡A¥s¦o±a¤@«Ê«H¥h¡C¯S§O«Où¥¿¦b¬ß±æ¦Û¤v¤]¥hù°¨¡A¥L¥¿»Ý­n¦Vù°¨¤H¸ÑÄÀ¥Lªº­p¹º¡C©Ò¥H¤@¤è­±¤¶²Ð«D¤ñ¡A¤@¤è­±¦Vù°¨¤H§@¹w³Æ¤u§@¡A±a³o«Ê«H¥h¬OÃø±oªº¾÷·|¡C

4.±q¸tÆFªº±Ò¥Ü¨Ó¬Ý¡@¤£½×Àô¹Ò©M»Ý­n¦h»ò¤j¡A¨Ï®{ªº¦æ°Ê¬O¨ü¯«´xºÞªº¡C¬°¤F«á¥@±Ð·|ªº»Ý­n¡A¯«·P°Ê«Où¼g¤F³o«Ê·¥­«­nªº®Ñ«H¡Cù°¨®Ñ¬O¹ï©ú¥Õ°ò·þ±Ðªº¯«¾Ç¡A¯S§O¬O¦³Ãö±Ï®¦ªº¯u²z¡A¤£¥i¯Ê¤Öªº¤@¥»®Ñ¡C¯«·íµMª¾¹D±Ð·|ªº»Ý­n¡A©Ò¥H¸tÆF·P°Ê¨Ï®{¼g¤U³o¥»®Ñ¡A§@¬°¾ã­Ó±Ð·|¯u²zªº±Ð¾É®Ú¾Ú¡C¦b«ä·Q¾ã­Óù°¨®Ñ¼g§@ªº­ì¦]©M¥Øªº®É¡Aµ´¹ï¤£¯à©¿²¤¸tÆFªº±Ò¥Ü¤u§@¡C

 

33 The RD¢wEssays on the Origin and Purpose of the Epistle, ed. by K.P. Donfried, ¦b1977¦~¥Xª©¥H«á¡A§ó¤Þ°_¤@¨Ç¾ÇªÌªºª`·N¡C

34 ù¤Q¥|1¡A°Ñ¬ÝR.J. Karris "Romans 14:1-15:13 and the Occasion of Romans." RD, pp.75-99¡Cù°¨±Ð·|¤¤·íµM¥i¯à¦³¤£¦Pªº¤H¡A«H¤ßªºµ{«×¤£¦P¡A©ÎªÌ¹ï¬Y¨Ç¨Æ¦³¤£¦Pªº¬Ýªk¡A¦ý±q¾ã¥»®Ñªºµ²ºc©M­«ÂI¬Ý¨Ó¡A³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¤£¥i¯à¬O¼g¾ã¥»Ã¹°¨®Ñªº­«­n­ì¦]¡C

35 ®Ú¾Úù¤Q¤@11-13, Ka/semann, Romans, p.20, »{¬°¦pªG­n©¿²¤³o¤@ÂI¡A¾ã­Óù°¨®Ñªº¸ÑÄÀ³£¨«¿ù¤F¤è¦V¡C«Où¦b²Ä¤Q¤@³¹½T´¿´£¨ì¥L¬O¥~¨¹¤Hªº¨Ï®{³o¥ó¨Æ¡A¦ý¨ºùتº»y®ð«o¤£¹³¬O¦b¬°¦Û¤vÅGÅ@¡Aù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤@³¹ªº»y®ð©MªL«e¤E1-2µ¥¤@Ãþ¸g¤åªº»y®ð«Ü¤£¬Û¦P¡C

36 L. Morris¦b¥LªºRomans, pp.8-17, °Q½×¤F¤Q¤GºØ¤£¦Pªº¥ß½×¡A¨C¤@­Ó¥ß½×³£¦³¾ÇªÌ¤ä«ù¡C·íµM§Ú­Ì¤£¯à»´©ö©Úµ´¤@­Óª¾¦W¾ÇªÌªº¥ß½×¡A§ó¤£¯àÃhºÃ³o¨Ç¾ÇªÌªº°Ê¾÷¡F¦ý¦³®É¤@¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¨ü¥L¦Û¤vªº¯«¾Ç¥ß³õ©Ò¼vÅT¡A¬Æ¦Ü¬°¤Fªí´­¦Û¤vªº«G¥ú¡A¥H­P¦³·NµL·N¦a©¿µø¤F¸g¤å¤¤²M·¡©úÅ㪺«ü¥Ü¡A¦ÓÁ×­«´N»´¦a¥D±i¤@¨Ç·s©_ªº²z½×¡C

¤»¡B¥þ®Ñªº§¹¾ã©Ê

¾ãÅé¨Ó»¡¡Aù°¨®Ñ¬O«Où©Ò§@ªº¡A³oÂI¨S¦³¬Æ»òª§Ä³¡C¦ý«Où©Ò¼g¬O§_´N¬O²{¦b¤@¯ë¤H©Ò±µ¯Çªº¡A¥þ¤Q¤»³¹ªºÃ¹°¨®Ñ¡A¾ÇªÌ«h¦³«Ü¦h¤£¦Pªº¬Ýªk¡C¤Þ°_¯Éª§ªº¸g¤å¥D­n¬Où°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤­¡B¤Q¤»³¹¡A©M²Ä¤@³¹ªº¨â¸`¸t¸g¡C

­º¥ýÃö©ó²Ä¤@³¹ªº¸g¤å¡A¦³¤@¨Ç¥jªºª©¥»¨S¦³²Ä¤@³¹¤C¸`ªº¡u¦bù°¨¡v¡A©M²Ä¤@³¹¤Q¤­¸`¡u¦bù°¨ªº¤H¡vµ¥¦r¥y¡A37¦³¤H¦]¦¹¥D±i³o«Ê®Ñ«H¤£¬O¼gµ¹Ã¹°¨±Ð·|ªº¡C¦ý­È±oª`·Nªº¬O¦­´Á¤j¼g¦r¥Àªº©M¥i¾a©Ê°ªªºª©¥»¡A³£¦³³o´X­Ó¦r¡A38©Ò¥H§Ú­Ì¨S¦³¨¬°÷ªº²z¥ÑÃhºÃ³o´X­Ó¦r¤£¬O¥X¦Û«Oùªº¤â¡C39

¦Ü©ó²Ä¤Q¤­¤Î¤Q¤»³¹ªº°ÝÃD«h¤ñ¸û½ÆÂø¡C¦³³\¦hªºª©¥»¨£ÃÒù°¨®Ñªº¸g¤å¥u¨ìù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¥|³¹¤Ü¤T¸`¡A¤U­±±µµÛ¬O²Ä¤Q¤»³¹¤Ü¤­¦Ü¤Ü¤C¸`¹|Æg¯«ªº¸Ü¡C40¦ý­È±oª`·Nªº¬O¡A©Ò¦³³o¼Ëª©¥»ªº¨£ÃÒ³£¬O¤E¥@¬ö¥H«áªº¡A¤@¨Ç±Ð¤÷¤Þ¥Îªº¨£ÃÒ¡A«h¬O¤T¡B¥|¥@¬öªº¡C°¨¦N¦w¬°¤F¥L¦Û¤v«H¥õªº½t¬G¡A¤£±µ¨üù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤­³¹ªº±Ð°V¬O¥i¥H²z¸Ñªº¡A¦ý±Ð¤÷­Ì¤]¦ü¥G¨£ÃÒù°¨®Ñ´N¦b²Ä¤Q¥|³¹µ²§ô¡A41³o¬O§_ªí©ú¤T¡B¥|¥@¬ö®É¡A±Ð·|³£¤£ª¾¹D¦³Ã¹°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤­³¹¥H¤Uªº§÷®Æ©O¡H¨ä¹ê«öÁp¦X¸t¸g¤½·|ªº§Æþ¤å·s¬ù©Ò¦Cªºª©¥»¡A¤ä«ù§Ú­Ì³q¥Îªº¥þ®Ñ¤Q¤»³¹ªº¨£ÃÒ¡A¤ñ¤ä«ù¥u¦³¤Q¥|³¹ªº¨£ÃÒ±j±o¦h¡F¨ä¤¤¦³¦n´X­Ó¬O¤j¼g¦r¥Àªº¥|¡B¤­¥@¬öªºª©¥»¡A42¤]¦³¤Q¦h­Ó¤p¼g¦r¥Àªºª©¥»¡A¤£¦Pªº¥jĶ¥»¡A¤Î±Ð¤÷ªº¨£ÃÒ¡A43³£¤ä«ù¥þ¤Q¤»³¹ªºª©¥»¡C

¦­´Á±Ð·|¤£¯Ê¤Ö¥þ¤Q¤»³¹Ã¹°¨®Ñªºª©¥»¨£ÃÒ¡A¨º»ò¦p¦ó¸ÑÄÀ¥u¦³¤Q¥|³¹ªºÃ¹°¨®Ñª©¥»¡A©ÎªÌù°¨®Ñªº«e¤Q¥|³¹¦A¥[²Ä¤Q¤»³¹¤Ü¤­¦Ü¤Ü¤C¸`ªºª©¥»ªº¦s¦b©O¡A³Ì¦X²zªº¸ÑÄÀ¤j·§¬O°¨¦N¦w¥»¦³¥þù°¨®Ñ¡A¬°¤F¾A¦X¦Û¤vªº«H¥õ¡A±N¥L¤£³ßÅwªº¸g¤å§R¥h¡A¥]¬Aù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤­³¹¡A44­ì¨Ó«Où¼gªº®Ñ«H¨S¦³°±¦b²Ä¤Q¥|³¹¤Ü¤T¸`¡F¹ê»Ú¤W­Y¨S¦³²Ä¤Q¤­³¹¡A¯S§O¬O²Ä¤Q¤­³¹¤@¦Ü¤Q¤T¸`¡A²Ä¤Q¥|³¹ªº¥ß½×´N¤£§¹¾ã¡CÅãµM¦b³o¨Çª©¥»¤¤¡Aù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¥|³¹¤Ü¤T¸`¥H«áªº§÷®Æ¬O³Q¤H§R°£ªº¡A¦Ó§R°£ªº¤H³Ì¥i¯à´N¬O°¨¦N¦w¡C

ù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤»³¹ªº¤º®e¤Þ°_¤@¨Ç¤£¦Pªº°ÝÃD¡C¦b¥»³¹¸t¸g¤º¡A§@ªÌÁ¿¨ì¤G¤Q¦h­Ó¤Hªº¦W¦r¡A¦V¥L­Ì­Ó§Oªº°Ý­Ô¡A³o©M«Où¤@¦Vªº§@­·¤£¦P¡C«Oùªº²ßºD¬O¤£·|¦b®Ñ«H¤º­Ó§O°Ý­Ô¥L©Ò¼ôÃѪº¤H¡F¦Ó¥B«Où¬JµM¨S¦³¥h¹Lù°¨¡A¥L«ç¯à¦b¨ºùØ»{ÃѨº»ò¦h¤H¡H·í®É¤H¨ì³B®È¦æ¬O±`¨£ªº¨Æ¡A¯S§O¬O¦bù°¨©~¦íªº¤H¡A¦Ó¥B«Où´¿¨«¹Mù°¨«Ò°êªºªF³¡¡A¥L´¿¹J¨ì«Ü¦h¤H¬O¦ÛµMªº¡C¦Ü©ó¥L¤£¦b®Ñ«H¤¤­Ó§Oªº°Ý­Ô¤H¡A¤]¤£¬O¤@¦¨¤£Åܪº°µªk¡A45©Ò¥H¤£¯à¦]¦¹¨Óµû©w³o¨Ç§÷®Æ¤£¬O¥X¦Û«Oùªº¤â¡C

¤S¦b¥»¥@¬öµo²{ªº¡A³Ì¦­ªº»Z¯ó¯È¤å½Z¤¤¡Aù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤»³¹¤Ü¤­¦Ü¤Ü¤C¸`¬Oªþ¦bù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤­³¹¤Ê¤T¸`¤§«á¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¦b²Ä¤Q¤»³¹ªº¥½¤F¡C46¦A¥[¤W¦³¤H»{¬°Ã¹°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤»³¹¤Q¤C¦Ü¤G¤Q¸`ªºµ§ªk»P¥þ¥»Ã¹°¨®Ñ¾ãÅ骺»y®ð¤£¦P¡A¤Ï¦Ó¹³¨Ï®{¦æ¶Ç²Ä¤G¤Q³¹¤Ü¤K¸`¤@¬q¸g¤å¡A«Où¹ï¥H¥±©Ò±Ð·|ªø¦Ñ©ÒÁ¿ªº¸Ü¡A©Ò¥H«Ü¦­´N¦³¤H¥D±i³o«Ê®Ñ«H¬O¼gµ¹¥H¥±©Ò±Ð·|ªº¡C¥Ñ©ó¥H¤WºØºØ­ì¦]¡A¦A°t¦XGª©¥»ªº¨£ÃÒ¡A¨S¦³²Ä¤@³¹¤C¸`¤Î²Ä¤@³¹¤Q¤­¸`©Ò´£¨ìªº¡uù°¨¡vªº¦r¼Ë¡A©Ò¥H±N¥»®Ñ«H¬Ý§@¬O¼gµ¹¥H¥±©Ò±Ð·|¡A©Î¬O¼gµ¹²³±Ð·|½ü¬y¾\Ūªº«H¡A¦ü¥G¬O¤@­Ó«Ü¦X²zªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A47¦ý¹ê»Ú¤W¤£¤@©w¦p¦¹¡C

ù°¨±Ð·|¬JµM¦³¥i¯à¬O«Où±a»â«H¥Dªº¤H¡B©Î©M«Où¦P¤u¹Lªº¤H©Ò«Ø¥ßªº¡]¬Ý«e­±¤G¡Dù°¨±Ð·|ºü½×¡^¡A«Où¦bù°¨»{Ãѫܦh¤HÀ³¸Ó¤£¬O·N¥~¡C«Où©Ò°Ý­Ôªº¤H¤¤¦³¦Ê°ò©Ô©M¨È©~©Ô¡A³o¨â­Ó¤H³Qù°¨¬Ó«Ò­²¦Ñ¥á»°¨«¡A¦b­ôªL¦h¹J¨£¤F«Où¡C­²¦Ñ¥á¦b¦ìªº¦~¥N¤j·§¬O¥D«á41¦Ü54¦~¡Aµo©R¥Oªº¬Ó«Ò¤£¦b¦ì¤F¡A·íµM¥Lªº©R¥O¤]¥¢®Ä¤F¡C³Q»°¨«ªº¤H¥»¨Ó¦bù°¨¤w¸g¥ß¤F®a·~¡A¦³¾÷·|¦ÛµM­n¦^ù°¨¥h¡A¦]¦¹«Où¼gù°¨®Ñ®É¦Ê°ò©Ô©M¨È©~©Ô¤w¦^¨ìù°¨¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O·N®Æ¤¤ªº¨Æ¡A48«Où¦bù°¨»{Ãѫܦh¤H¡A¬O¤@¥ó«Ü¦X²zªº¨Æ¡C

³Ì¦­ªº»Z¯ó¯Èª©¥»¡Ap46ªºÃ¹°¨®Ñ¨S¦³²Ä¤Q¤»³¹ªº½T¬O­È±oª`·Nªº¡Cp46¤ñ¨ä¥L³Ì¦­ªº¤j¼g¦r¥Àªºª©¥»¤j·§¦­¤@­Ó¥@¬ö¡C¦­§Û¼gªºª©¥»·íµM¤ñ±ß§Û¼gªºª©¥»§ó¦³°Ñ¦Ò»ù­È¡C¦ý¬O¦bù°¨®Ñªº±¡ªp«h¦³­È±o·r°uªº¦a¤è¡C¤ä«ùù°¨®Ñ¥þ¤Q¤»³¹ªºª©¥»¨£ÃÒ¡A¦³´X­Ó¥i¾a©Ê«Ü°ªªº¤j¼g¦r¥Àªºª©¥»¡A49¬O¨Ó¦Û²Ä¥|¡B¤­¥@¬öªº¡Cp46¬O¦b²Ä¤T¥@¬ö®É±q¤@­Óª©¥»§Û¨Óªº¡A¨S¦³Ã¹°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤»³¹¤Ü¤T¸`¡F¨ä¥Lªº´X­Ó¤j¼g¦r¥Àªºª©¥»¬O±ß¤@­Ó¥@¬ö¡A±q¥t¤@­Ó¡A©Î´X­Ó¡Aª©¥»§Û¨Óªº¡A¦³Ã¹°¨®Ñ¤Q¤»³¹¤Ü¤T¸`¡C³o¨Ç³£¬O¥i¾a©Ê«Ü°ªªºª©¥»¡A§Y¨Ïp46¤ñ¨ä¥Lª©¥»¦­¤@­Ó¥@¬ö¡A¦ý²{¦bª©¥»ªº¨£ÃÒ¬O¥|­Ó¹ï¤@­Ó¡CÁöµM§Ú­Ì¥Ø«e¨S¦³¤èªkÃÒ©ú³o¨Ç§Û¥»©Ò®Ú¾Úªº¨â­Ó¡A©ÎªÌ¦h­Óª©¥»ªº¤º®e©M¨Ó·½¡A¦ý¥Ñ©ó³o¨Çª©¥»¾ãÅ骺¥i¾a©Ê¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¥¦­Ì©Ò®Ú¾Úªºª©¥»ªº¥i¾a©Ê¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤£¯à»¡³æ³æ¦]¬°¤@­Óª©¥»¦­¤@­Ó¥@¬ö¡A´N§¹¥þ§_©w¨ä¥Lª©¥»ªº»ù­È¡C´N¬O¬°¤F³o­ì¦]¡AÁp¦X¸t¸g¤½·|§Æþ¤å·s¬ùªº½s¿è¤H¡A¦b¿Å¶q¤F©Ò¦³ªº¨£ÃÒ«á¡A±Nù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤Q¤»³¹¤´¦L¦b²Ä¤Q¤­³¹«á­±¡A¦Ó±N²Ä¤Q¤»³¹¤Ü¤­¦Ü¤Ü¤C¸`¦L¦b²Ä¤Q¤»³¹¤Ü¤T¸`¥H«á¡C50¤µ¤Ñ¦h¥b¾ÇªÌ³£±µ¨ü¥þ¥»¤Q¤»³¹ªºÃ¹°¨®Ñ¡A¬O«Où³Ìªì¼gµ¹Ã¹°¨±Ð·|ªº®Ñ«H¡A«á¨Ó¦]¬°§Oªº­ì¦]¡A¦³¨Ç¸g¤å¦b¤@¨Çª©¥»¤¤¥¢¸¨¤F¡A©Î³Q§R´î¤F¡C§Ú­Ì¥i¥H²q·Q³o¨Ç§ïÅܪº­ì¦]¡A¦ý¨S¦³ÃÒ¾Ú¥i¥HªÖ©wªº¤Uµ²½×¡C51

 

37 ¨S¦³³o´X­Ó¦rªº¥D­n¬O¨â­Ó²Ä¤E¥@¬öªºª©¥»¡AG©MDabs¡A©M¥t¥~¤@¨Ç©Ô¤B¤åª©¥»ªº¦¸­n¨£ÃҤαФ÷ªº¤Þ¥Î¡C

38 ¤j¼g¦r¥Àªºª©¥»¥i¾a©Ê³Ì°ªªºaABCDµ¥¡A¤Î¥t¥~´X¤Q­Ó¨ä¥Lª©¥»³£¨£ÃÒ¦³³o´X­Ó¦r¡C39 ¬ã¨s²Ä¤Q¤»³¹ªº®É­Ô¡A·|¦A°Q½×¥»®Ñ«H¬O§_¼gµ¹Ã¹°¨±Ð·|ªº°ÝÃD¡C

40 Áp¦X¸t¸g¤½·|¥Xª©ªº§Æþ¤å·s¬ù¦C¥X¤T­Ó¤j¼g¦r¥Àªºª©¥»¡AL, Y¤Î0209vid¡A¤Î¤Q¤T­Ó¤p¼g¦r¥Àªºª©¥»¡A©M¤@¨Ç¥|¥@¬ö¥H«áªº±Ð¤÷ªº¨£ÃÒ¡A¼gªk³£¬O³o¼Ë¡C

41 F.F. Bruce¯S§O«ü¥X¦b¯S¤g¨}ªºAgainst Marcion ªº®Ñ¤¤¡A¨S¦³¤@¦¸¤Þ¥Îù¤Q¥|23¥H«áªº§÷®Æ¡A¨ä¹êù¤Q¤­³¹¦³«Ü¦h¥i¥Î¨Ó§åµû°¨¦N¦wªº§÷®Æ¡ARomans, p.26¡C¦ý¯S¤g¨}¨S¦³¤Þ¥Îù¤Q¤­³¹ªº§÷®Æ¡A¤£¤@©wÃÒ©ú¥L¤£ª¾¹D¦³Ã¹¤Q¤­³¹¡A©Î¥L¥Îªºª©¥»¨S¦³Ã¹¤Q¤­³¹¡F«Ü¥i¯à¬O¦]¬°°¨¦N¦w¤£±µ¯Çù¤Q¤­³¹¡A©Ò¥H¯S¤g¨}¬G·N¤£¤Þ¥Î³o³¹¸t¸g¡A§K±oµ¹°¨¦N¦wÂǤf¡A¤£±µ¯Ç¯S¤g¨}ªº²z¥Ñ¡C

42 ¦pa, B, Cµ¥¡C

43 ¦pClement, Origenlatµ¥¡C

44 T.W. Manson, Studies in the Gospels and Epistles, pp.233ff; Sanday and Headlam, Romans, pp.xcviff. ³£¦³«Ü¸Ô²Óªº°Q½×¡CL. Morris¤£¤ÓªÖ©w±µ¨ü°¨¦N¦w§R°£Ã¹¤Q¤­³¹µ¥ªº²z½×¡A¥L¥t¥~´£¥X´XºØ¥i¯à¡A¦ý¥L¦Û¤v¨S¦³µ²½×¡A°Ñ¬Ý¥LªºRomans, pp.23f.

45 Bruce«ü¥X¡A¥­®É«Où¦b®Ñ«H¤¤¤£¦h´£¦W°Ý­Ô«H®{¡A¦ý¥L¼g«Hµ¹ºqù¦è±Ð·|®É¡A¤]´¿´£¦W°Ý­Ô¨â­Ó¤H¡A°Ñ¦è¥|16¡B17¡C³o¬O¥i¥H²z¸Ñªº¡A¦]¬°¹ï¼ôÃѪº±Ð·|¡A´£¦W°Ý­Ô«Ü®e©ö·|±¾¤@º|¸U¡A¤Þ°_»~·|¡F¦Ó¦b¨S¦³¨£¹L­±ªº±Ð·|¡A³oºØ¥¦¾÷´N«Ü¤p¤F¡CBruce¤]¸ÑÄÀ³o¨Ç¤H©M«Où¥i¯àªºÃö«Y¡C¨£BP, pp.385-389¡C

46 ³o¼Ëªº¤å½Z¬OChester Beaty Papyri, ³q±`ºÙ¬°p46¡A¨Ó¦Û¥D«á²Ä¤T¥@¬ö¡A¬O²{¦³·s¬ù½Z¥»¤¤³Ì¦­ªº¡A¤]¬O«O¿©®Ñ«H³Ì¦nªºª©¥»¡C¨ä¤¤¥]¬Aù°¨®Ñ«á¥bªº§÷ªU¡A¦b1935¦~¥Xª©¡A¥þÓõ«Où®Ñ«Hªº§÷®Æ¦b1936¦~¥Xª©¡C

47 J.B. Lightfoot»{¬°«Où³Ìªì¼g¤F¥þù°¨®Ñ¡A«á¨Ó¦]¤º®eªº©Ê½è¡A¥L¦Û¤v¨ú®ø¤F®Ñ«H¤¤¦³¦a¤è¦â±mªº§÷®Æ¡A§Y¤@7¡B15¤Î¤Q¤­¡B¤Q¤»³¹µ¥¡A¦Ó·í§@¤½¶}«H¡A°eµ¹²³±Ð·|¡CF.J. Hort¹ï¦¹²z½×¦³«Ü¸Ô²Ó¦Ó²`¤Jªº§å§P¡C¬ÝLighlfoot, Biblical Essays, pp.285-320, ¤Î321-351¡CMurray¡A¦bRom. I, p.265¤]«ü¥X¡A§Y¨Ï¨ú®ø¤@7¡B15¡A¦b¤@8-15¤¤¤]¥Rº¡¦a¤è¦â±m¡A¦Ó¤£¥i¥H·í¬°´¶³qªº¤½¶}«H¨Ó¬Ý¡C

48 °Ñ¬ÝL. Morris, Romans, p.25f.¹ïù¤Q¤»³¹«Où©Ò°Ý­Ôªº¤Hªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C

49 aBCD杭C

50 «Ü¦h¾ÇªÌ³£¥u»{¬°p46¤ñ¨ä¥L¤j¼g¦r¥Àªºª©¥»¦­¤@­Ó¥@¬ö¡A´N¤@©w§ó¥i¾a¡A¨ä¹êp46©M¨ä¥L¤j¼g¦r¥Àªºª©¥»³£¬O±q§Oªºª©¥»§Û¨Óªº¡A¦Ó²{¦³ª©¥»ªº¥i¾a©Ê©M¥¦­Ì©Ò®Ú¾Úªºª©¥»ªº¥i¾a©Ê¡A¦P¼Ë­«­n¡C

51 C.E.B Cranfield, Romans I, pp.5-11¤Î L. Morris, Romans, pp.24-31¦³¸û¸Ô²Óªº°Q½×¡A±qù¤Q¤»³¹©Ò´£ªº¤Hªº­I´º¡A¤Îª©¥»ªº¨£ÃÒµ¥¦h¤è­±ªº¿Å¶q¡A¥L­Ì³£±µ¨üù¤Q¤»³¹¬°«Où©Ò¼g­ì¥»ªºÃ¹°¨®Ñªº¤@³¡¤À¡C

¤C¡B¥»®ÑªºÅéµô©M©Ê½è

«öÅéµô©Mºc³y¨Ó»¡¡Aù°¨®Ñ¤¤¤@­Ó³Ì­È±oª`·Nªº¯SÂI¡A´N¬O®Ñ¤¤°Q½×±Ð¸qªº§÷®Æ¡A¦ûªº½g´T¯S§O¦h¡A­Y°£¥h²Ä¤@³¹«e¤@¥bªº¤Þ¨¥¡A©M²Ä¤Q¤­³¹¤Q¥|¸`¶}©lªºµ²½×¡A¥þ¥»®Ñ¥i¥H¬Ý§@¤@½g±Ð¸q©Êªº½×¤å¡Cªì¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A§@¬°¤@«Ê®Ñ«H¡A³oºØºc³y¦ü¥G«Ü¯S§O¡F¦ý¬O«öµÛ«Où¼g§@ªº¥Øªº¢w¢w­nÂǵ۹ïºÖ­µ¯u²zªºÄÄÄÀ¡A¹w³Æù°¨±Ð·|±µ¨ü§@¶ÇºÖ­µ°ò¦aªº³d¥ô¢w¢w¥L¥Îªº³oºØÅéµô¤£³æ¥i¥H²z¸Ñ¡A¦Ó¥B¬O·N®Æ¤§¤¤ªº¡C

¦]¬°¬OÁ¿¸Ñ±Ð¸qªº¯u²z¡A©Ò¥H«Où¥Î¦r»ºµü³£«D±`¤p¤ß¡A¯S§OÁ¿¨ì­«­n±Ð¸qªº¯u²z®É¡A¦p²Ä¤T³¹¤Ü¤@¦Ü¤Ü¤»¸`Á¿±Ï®¦ªº¹D²z¡A©Î²Ä¤»³¹¤@¦Ü¤»¸`ªº¸t¼äªº¯u²z®É¡AÃã¥yªº¥Îªk¡A°Êµüªº®ÉºA¡A¬Æ¦Ü«e¸mµüªº¿ï¾Ü¡A³£©úÅ㪺¬O¸g¹L¥J²Ó¦Ò¼{ªº¡A¦ü¥G¤@­Ó¦r³£¤£¥i¥H§ï´«¡F¦]¦¹¦b¸ÑÄÀ®É¡A¤]¤£À³©¿²¤¨ä¤¤¤åªkºc³y¤ÎÃã¥y¿ï¾Üªº­«­n©Ê¡C

¦b¤@¬q¦wÀRªº®É¶¡¡A©M¥­ÀRªºÀô¹ÒùؼgªºÃ¹°¨®Ñ¡A«Où¥­©Mªº¤ß±¡¡A¤]¦b®ÑªºÅéµô¤Wªí²{¥X¨Ó¤F¡C¨Ò¦p¥L¬O¦b¤ß±¡¿E°Êªº±¡ªp¤U¼g¥[©Ô¤Ó®Ñ¡A©Ò¥H®Ñ¤¤¥X²{¤@¨ÇÅéµô¤Wªñ¥Gª§ÅG©Êªº¥y»y¡A52¦bù°¨®Ñ´N¤£¨£³oÃþªº»y¥y¡C¬Û¤Ï¡Aù°¨®Ñªº»y¥y«Ü¥­Ã­¡A±À²z©Ê·¥±j¡C53¤@­Ó½×ÂI«Ø¥ß¦b«e¤@­Ó½×ÂI¤W¡A¦p¦¹Ãþ±À¡A¦pªG©Ó»{¤F¥Lªº²Ä¤@­Ó¥ß½×¡A´NµLªk©Úµ´¥Lªº²Ä¤G­Ó¥ß½×¡C54µ§ªk·¥¨äÄYÂÔ¡A¥ß½×«D±`ªÖ©w¡C

¦b·s¬ù«e«áªº®É¥N¡A§Æþªº±Ð®v¡A¯S§O¬O­õ¾Ç®a¡A±`¥Î°Ýµª¦¡ªº¤èªk±Ð¾É¾Ç¥Í¡CÂǵ۰ݵª¦¡ªº¤èªk¡A¥i¥H¥s¹ï¤è¬Ý¥X¥Lµª®×¬Y¤è­±ªº¿ù»~¡A©ÎªÌ¤Þ¾É¥L«ä·Q»â·|§ó²`¤Jªº¯u²z¡A³o¬O¤@ºØ«Ü¦³®Äªº±Ð¾É¤èªk¡C«Où±q¤p¨ü¹L§Æþ±Ð¨|¡A¤@©w«Ü¼ô±x³oºØ«ä·Q¤è¦¡¡A¦bù°¨®Ñ¤¤¡A¥L´N±N³oºØªG®Ä«ÜÆF¬¡ªº¹B¥Î¥X¨Ó¤F¡C55ÁöµM¦³¨Ç¾ÇªÌªº¬Ýªk¤£¦P¡A56¦ý¦h¥b¾ÇªÌ»{¬°«OùªºÅéµô·¥ªñ§Æþ¾ÇªÌªº°Ýµª¦¡±Ð¾É¡C57¹ê»Ú¤W«Où«Ü¦³®Ä¦a¨Ï¥Î¦¹°Ýµª¦¡ªº¤èªk¡A¥sŪªÌ¹ï¥L©ÒÁ¿ªº±Ð°V¡A¦³²`¤J¦Ó¤£¥i¿i·Àªº¦L¶H¡C58

 

52 °Ñ¬Ý¥[¤T1-4¡C

53 °Ñ¬Ý¤G1-11¡F¥|1-12µ¥¡C

54 °Ñ¬Ý¤@18-33¡F¤G1-11¡C

55 ¨Ò¦p¤T1-8¡C

56 Matthew Black, ¦bRomans, pp.29f. »{¬°«Où©Ò¥Îªº¥u¬O·í®ÉµS¤Ó¤H±`¥Îªº­×µüªk¡A¦Ó¥B¤Ï¬Mªº¬O¥L®ü¥~¶Ç±Ð®É±`¥Îªº¤èªk¡C¦ýBlack¨Ã¨S¦³«ü¥X«OùªºÅéµô¬O§_»P§Æþ¤H©Ò¥Î°Ýµª¦¡ªº±Ð¾Éªk¦³¬Æ»ò¤£²Å¦X¤§³B¡C

57 °Ñ¬ÝCranfield, Romans I, pp.25f.

58 °Ñ¬Ý¤Q1-15¡C

¤K¡B¥þ®Ñªº¤ÀªR

ù°¨®Ñ²Ä¤@³¹¤Q¤»¡B¤Q¤C¸`¡A¯S§O¬O²Ä¤Q¤C¸`¡A³Q»{¬°¬O¥þ¥»Ã¹°¨®Ñªº¥DÃD¡G¡u¦]¬°¯«ªº¸q¡A¥¿¦b³oºÖ­µ¤WÅã©ú¥X¨Ó¡F³o¸q¬O¥»©ó«H¥H­P©ó«H¡A¦p¸g¤W©Ò°O¡A¡y¸q¤H¥²¦]«H±o¥Í¡z¡C¡v

ºÖ­µªº¥Øªº©M·N¸q¡A´N¬O­nÅã©ú¯«ªº¸q¡C¯«¬O¤@¦ìµ´¹ï§¹¥þ¥¿¸qªº¯«¡A¤H­n³QÍ¢±µ¯Ç¤]¥²¶·¬O§¹¥þ¥¿¸qªº¡F¦ý²{¤µ¤H¥»¨Ó´N¤£¬O¥¿¸qªº¡A¦Ó¥B¤H¨S¦³¬ß±æ§â¦Û¤v§@¦¨¥¿¸qªº¡A©Ò¥H¤H­n¬O±o¯«®®¯Ç¡A¥u¦³­Ê¾a¯«©Òµ¹¤Hªº¥¿¸q¡C

¦ý¬O¬°¬Æ»ò»¡¤H³£¬O¤£¸qªº¡A¦Ó»Ý­n¯«©ÒÅã©úªº¸q©O¡H¦]¬°¤H³£¥Ç¤F¸o¡A¤£½×¬O¥~¨¹¤H©Î¬OµS¤Ó¤H¡A³£­n³Q©w¸o¡C¯«ªº¸q¦p¦ó¦V¤HÅã©ú©O¡HÂǵۭC¿q©Ò¬yªºÄ_¦å¡A§@¦¨¤F®¾¦^²½¡C¤H¦p¦ó¯à±oµÛ³o¸q©O¡H¦]µÛ«H¤ß¡C¤H±oµÛ¯«ªº¸q¦³¬Æ»ò¦n³B©O¡H¤£¦A³Q©w¸o¡A¦Ó¥B¦³¤@­Ó¸t¼äªº¥Í©R¡C

¥H¤W©ÒÁ¿ªº±o±ÏÅ«ªº¯u²z«D±`¬ü¦n¡A¦ý¬O¦³¤H¥i¯àı±o³o¼Ë±o¥¿¸qªº¤èªk¡A¥u¦³¨º¨Ç¤@¦V³£¤£»{Ãѯ«ªº¤H¤~»Ý­n¡C¨º¨Ç»X¯«´z¿ïªº¤H¡Aª¾¹D¯««ßªkªº¤H¡A¤£»Ý­n¥Î³o¼Ëªº¤èªk¡A¥L­Ì¥u­n¬O¯«ªº¿ï¥Á¡A´N¥i¥H¦³¥t¥~¤@­Ó¤èªk³QºÙ¸q¤F¡C«Où»¡¡A¤£¬Oªº¡C¤£½×¬Æ»ò¤H¡A³£¥u¯à¾a³o¦P¤@­Ó¤èªk³QºÙ¬°¸q¡C

³Ì«á«Où­nµ¹§Ú­Ì¸ÑÄÀ¡A¤@­Ó³o¼Ë³QºÙ¬°¸qªº¤HÀ³¦³ªº¥Í¬¡ªí²{¡C¤@­Ó¤H³QºÙ¬°¸q¡A¦³¤F¸t¼äªº¥Í©R¡A¥L¾ã­Óªº¥Í¬¡³£¨ü¼vÅT¡A¦³¤F§ïÅÜ¡F¤£½×¬O¹ï¤H¡A¹ï¯«¡A¹ï¬F©²¡A¹ï¥|©P³òªºÀô¹Ò¡A©M¹ï»P§Ú­Ì·N¨£¤£¦Pªº¤H¡A³QºÙ¬°¸qªº¤H¡A³£¦³»P§O¤H¤£¦Pªº¥Í¬¡ªí²{¡C

®Ú¾Ú¥H¤Wªº¤ÀªR¡A¥i¥H¤ÀªR¥Xù°¨®Ñªº¤jºõ¡G

        ¢¹¡@¤Þ¨¥¡]¤@1-17¡^

                ¤@¡B°Ý¦wªº¸Ü¡]¤@1-7¡^

                ¤G¡B«Oùªº¤ßÄ@¡]¤@8-15¡^

                ¤T¡B¥þ®Ñªº¥DÃD¡]¤@16-17¡^

        ¢º¡@¯«ªº¥¿¸qªº»Ý­n¢w¡X¥þ¤HÃþ³£³Q©w¸o¡]¤@18-¤T20¡^

                ¤@¡B¤@¯ë¤H³Q©w¸o¢w¢w§Y¨S¦³«ßªkªº¥~¨¹¤H¡]¤@18-32¡^

                ¤G¡BµS¤Ó¤H³Q©w¸o¡]¤G1-38¡^

                        1 ¯«¼f§P¤Hªº­ì«h¡]¤G1-16¡^

                                a. ¤@¯ëªº­ì«h¡]¤G1-11¡^

                                b. «ßªkªº¥\¥Î¡]¤G12-16¡^

                        2. µS¤Ó¤H³Q©w¸oªº¨Æ¹ê¡]¤G17-29¡^

                        3. ¯«ªº«H¹êªºÃÒ©ú¡]¤T1-8¡^

                ¤T¡B¤pµ²¢w¢w¥þ¤HÃþ³Q©w¸o¡]¤T9-20¡^

        ¢»¡@¯«ªº¥¿¸qªºÅã©ú¢w¡X¦]«HºÙ¸qªº±Ï®¦¡]¤T21-¤­21¡^

                ¤@¡B¦]«HºÙ¸qªº¯u²z¢w¢w¯«¥¿¸qÅã©úªº¤èªk¡]¤T21-31¡^

                ¤G¡B¦]«HºÙ¸qªº¤@­Ó¨ÒÃÒ¡]¥|1-25¡^

                        1. ¨È§B©Ô¨u³QºÙ¸qªº¨Æ¹ê¡]¥|1-22¡^

                        2. ¨È§B©Ô¨u³QºÙ¸qªº·N¸q¡]¥|23-25¡^

                ¤T¡B¦]«HºÙ¸qªºªG®Ä¢w¡X¦]«HºÙ¸qªº¤HªººÖ®ð¡]¤­1-11¡^

                ¥|¡B°ò·þ»P¨È·í¡]¤­12-21¡^

        ¢¼¡@¦]«HºÙ¸qªºªG®Ä¢w¢w¸t¼äªº¥Í¬¡¡]¤»1-¤K39¡^

                ¤@¡B¸t¼ä¥Í¬¡ªº®Ú°ò¢w¢w»P°ò·þÁp¦X¡]¤»1-23¡^

                        1. »P¥DÁp¦Xªº¥Í©R¡]¤»1-11¡^

                        2. ¹ê»Ú¥Í¬¡ªº¸t¼ä¡]¤»12-23¡^

                ¤G¡B¹ê»Úªº¸gÅç¢w¢w±Ã¤ã»P¥¢±Ñ¡]¤C1-25¡^

                        1. ²æÂ÷«ßªkªºÅv¶Õ¡]¤C1-6¡^

                        2. ¹L´ç®É´Áªº­ì«h¡]¤C6-13¡^

                        3. ¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº±Ã¤ã¡]¤C14-25¡^

                ¤T¡B±o³Óªº¯¦³Z¢w¡X¦b¸tÆFùإͬ¡¡]¤K1-39¡^

                        1. ¥Í©R¸tÆFªº«ßªk¡]¤K1-11¡^

                        2. ¨à¤lªº¤ß¡]¤K12-17¡^

                        3. ±o±Ïªº¬ß±æ¡]¤K18-25¡^

                        4. ¯«ªº³Ì°ª¥Øªº¡]¤K26-30¡^

                        5. ³Ì²×ªº³Ó§Q¡]¤K31-39¡^

        ¢½¡@¥H¦â¦C¤Hªº°ÝÃD¡]¤E1-¤Q¤@36¡^

                ¤@¡B¤Þ¨¥¢w¢w«Où¬°¥H¦â¦C¤Hªº¶Ëµh¡]¤E1-5¡^

        ¤G¡B¯«ªº´z¿ï»P©I¥l¡]¤E6-29¡^

            1. ¯«´z¿ïªº¨Æ¹ê¡]¤E6-13¡^

            2. ¯«´z¿ïªºÅv¬`¡]¤E14-29¡^

                a. ¯«§@¬°¯«ªº¥DÅv¡]¤E14-18¡^

                b. ¯«§@¬°³Ð³yªÌªº¥DÅv¡]¤E19-29¡^

        ¤T¡B¥H¦â¦C¤H³Q±óµ´ªº­ì¦]¡]¤E30-¤Q21¡^

            1. ¥H¦â¦C¤Hªº¤£«H¡]¤E30-33¡^

            2. ºÙ¸q¤§¸ô¡]¤Q1-13¡^

            3. ¥H¦â¦C¤H±o¤£µÛ±Ï®¦ªº­ì¦]¡]¤Q14-21¡^

        ¥|¡B¯«³Ì²×ªº¥Øªº¡]¤Q¤@1-36¡^

            1. ¥H¦â¦C¤H³Q±óµ´¥u¬O³¡¤Àªº¡]¤Q¤@1-10¡^

            2. ¥H¦â¦C¤H³Q±óµ´¥u¬O¼È®Éªº¡]¤Q¤@11-24¡^

            3. ¯«³Ì²×ªº¥Øªº¢w¢w¥þ¤HÃþ³£­n»X®¦¡]¤Q¤@25-36¡^

        ¢¾¡@°ò·þ®{À³¦³ªº¥Í¬¡¡]¤Q¤G1-¤Q¤­13¡^

                ¤@¡B¯u°ò·þ®{¥Í¬¡ªº®Ú°ò¡]¤Q¤G1-2¡^

        ¤G¡B°ò·þ®{»P¤H¥æ©¹ªº­ì«h¡]¤Q¤G3-21¡^

            1. »P°ò·þ®{ªº¥æ©¹¡]¤Q¤G3-8¡^

            2. »P¤@¯ë¤Hªº¥æ©¹¡]¤Q¤G9-21¡^

                a. °ò·þ±p¥Í¬¡ªº°ò¥»­ì«h¡]¤Q¤G9-13¡^

                b. °ò·þ®{¹ï¤@¯ë¤HªººA«×¡]¤Q¤G14-21¡^

        ¤T¡B°ò·þ®{»P¬F©²¥æ©¹ªº­ì«h¡]¤Q¤T1-7¡^

        ¥|¡B°ò·þ®{»P¤H¬Û³Bªº­ì«h¡]¤Q¤T8-14¡^

            1. ·Rªº¥Í¬¡¡]¤Q¤T8-10¡^

            2. ¥ú©úªº¥Í¬¡¡]¤Q¤T11-14¡^

        ¤­¡B±Ð·|¥Í¬¡ªº­ì«h¡]¤Q¥|1-¤Q¤­13¡^

            1. ­n©¼¦¹±µ¯Ç¡]¤Q¥|1-12¡^

            2. ¤£­n²Ì­Ë¤H¡]¤Q¥|13-23¡^

            3. ­n®Äªk°ò·þªºº]¼Ë¡]¤Q¤­1-13¡^

        ¢¿¡@µ²½×¡]¤Q¤­14-¤Q¤»27¡^

                ¤@¡B«Où­Ó¤Hªº­p¹º¡]¤Q¤­14-33¡^

        ¤G¡B°Ý­Ôªº¸Ü¡]¤Q¤»1-27¡^

            1. «Où¦Û¤vªº°Ý­Ô¡]¤Q¤»1-16¡^

            2. ¤@¨Ç´£¿ôªº¸Ü¡]¤Q¤»17-20¡^

            3. ¥N§O¤H°Ý­Ôªº¸Ü¡]¤Q¤»21-24¡^

            4. ³Ì«áªº¹|Æg¡]¤Q¤»25-27¡^

 

°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø

¡]³¡¤À¿ï¥Îªº®Ñ¥Ø¡e¤£¦b²¼gªí¤ºªº¡f¡^

Alford, Henry, The Greek New Testament. 4 vols. Boston:Lee & Shepard Publishers,1881.

Barclay,William. The Letter to the Romans. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, rev, ed., 1957.

Barrett, C.K. The Epistle to the Romans . Msaa: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957ed.,rep., 1987.

---. "The N.T. Doctrine of Church & State". N.T. Essays. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.

Barth, Karl. The Epistle to the Romans. tr. By E.C.Hoskyns. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.

---. Christ and Adam: Man & Humanity in Rom. 5. tr.by T.A. Smail. N.Y: Harper & Brother, 1957.

Bearsley-Murray, G.R.Baptism in the New Testament. London:Macmillan, 1962.

Bengel, Johann A. N.T. Commentary. (originally Gnomon of the N.T.)new tr.by C.T. Lewis & M.R. Vincent. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 1981.

Best, Ernest. The Letter of Paul to the Romans. Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Black, Matthew. Romans. The New Century bible. Grand Rapids:Wm. B.Eerdmans, 1973 ed., rep., 1984.

Bornkamm, G. Early Christian Expreience. Ch.6."Baptism and New Life in Paul". London:S.C.M.,1969.

Brown , F., Driver, S.R. & Briggs, C.A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the O.T. Oxford:Clarmdon Press, 1907.

Brown,R.E. Meier, J.P. Antioch and Rome: N.T. Cradles of Catholic Christianity. N.J.: Paulist Press, 1986.

Bruce, F.F. Paul: Apostle of the Free Spirit. London: The Paternoster Press, 1977.

---. The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. Grand Rapids:Wm.B. Eerdmans, 1983.

---."The Romans Debate-Continued". Bulletin of the John Rylands University, 1982.

Calvin, John. Commentary on the Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans . tr. By John Owen. Grand Rapids: Wm.B. Eerdmans, rep., 1947.

Cranfield, C.E.B. Epistle to the Romans. New I.C.C. inf 2 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark , 1957.

Cullmann, Oscar. Baptism in the N.T. E.T. 1964. London:S.C.M.

---. Christ and Time. N.Y.:Scribness, 1950.

---.The State in the N.T. London: S.C.M., 1957.

Davis, W.D. Paul and Rabbinic Judaism. London:S.P.C.K., 1962.

Deissmann, A. Light from the Ancient East. tr.by L.R.M. Strachau. Grand Rapids:Baker Book House, rep., 1965.

Denney, James. St.Paul's Epistle to the Romans. In E.G.T. Vol.II. Grand Rapids:Wm. B. Eerdmans, rep., 1956.

Dodd, C.H. The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. N.Y.: Harper and Brothers, 1932.

---. The Bible and the Greeks. London:Hodder & Stoughton, 1956.

Donfried, Karl P. The Romans Debate. Minneapolis: Augusburg Press, 1977.

Dunn, James D.G. Romans. In 2 vols. Dallas: Word Books, 1988.

Edwards, James C. New International Biblical Commentary on Romans. Mass: Hendrickson Publishers, 1992.

Fung R.Y.K. " The Impotence of the Laws: Towards a Fresh Understanding of Romans. 7:14-25". Scriptures, Tradition and Interpretation. Gasque & LaSor. Eds.pp.34-38. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1978.

Gamble, Harry Jr. The Textual History of the Letter to the Romans. Grand Rapids: Wm.B. Eerdmans, 1977.

Gifford, E. H. The Epistle of St.Paul to the Romans. Minneapolis: James Family Publishing, rep., 1977.

Godet, F.Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. Tr.by A. Cusin. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, rep., 1956.

Gore, Charles. St.Paul's Epistle to the Romans. 2 vols. N.Y.: Scribness, 1899,1900.

Harrison,E.F. Romans Expositor's Commentary. vol.10. Grand Rapids: Zonderfan, 1976.

Hendriksen, W. Exposition of Paul's Epistle to the Romans. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1980.

Hodge, Charles. Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. Grand Rapids: Wm.B.Eerdmans, rep.,1953.

Hubner, H. Low in Paul's Thought. Edinburgh: T.& T. Clark, 1984.

Ka/semann, E."Principles of the Interpretation of Romans 13". New Testament Questions of Today. London: S.C.M.,1969.

Knox, John. The Epistle to the Romans. Introduction. I.B. vol. 9. N.Y.: Abingdon Press, 1954.

Lenski, R.C.H. The Interpretation of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans. Minneaplois: Augusburg Press.

Lightfoot, J.B. Biblical Essays. London: Macmillan, 1893.

---. Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, rep., 1957.

---. St. Paul's Epistle to the Philippians. Mass; Hendrickson Publishers, rep.,1982.

Longnecker, Richard N. Paul: Apostle of Liberty. N.Y.: Harper & Row, 1964.

Luther, Martin. Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. tr.by Theodore Mu/eller. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1954.

Manson, T.W. Studies in the Gospels and Epistles. Manchester University Press, 1962.

Meinhold, P.Caesar's or God's: The Conflict of Church and State in Modern Society. Minnesapolis: Augusburg Press, 1962.

Meyer, H. A. W. Handbook to the Epistle to the Romans. 2 vols. Edinbrugh: T.& T. Clark, 1876.

Moe, Olaf. The Apostle Paul, his Life and Work. tr.by L.A.Vigness. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1968.

Morris, Leon. The Epistle to the Romans. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1988.

Morrison, Clinton D. The Powers that Be: Earthly Rulers and Demonic Powers in Roman 13:1-7. Naperville:Allenson,1960.

Mmoule, H.C.G. The Epistle of St.Paul to the Romans. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1893.

Murray, John. The Epistle to the Romans. NICNT series. Grand Rapids: Wm.B. Eerdmans, one vol.ed., 1968.

Newman. B.M. and Nida, E.A. A Translator's Handbook on Paul's Letter to the Romans. N.Y.: UBS, 1973.

Nygren, Anders. Commentary on Romans. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1949.

Pierce, C.A. Conscience in the New Testament. London: S.C.M., 1955.

Preiss, T. Life in Christ. tr.from the French. London: S.C.M., 1954.

Ramsay, W.M. The Church in the Romans Empire before A.D. 170. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1903.

Sanday, W.and Headlam, A.C. The Epistle to the Romans. I.C.C. series. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1908.

Sanders, E.P. Paul, the Law and the Jewish People. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983.

---.Paul and Palestinian Judaism. London: S.C.M., 1977.

Sherwin-White, A.N. Roman Society and Roman Law in the N.T. Oxford : The University Press, 1963.

Stott, J.R.W.The Messages of Romans. London: I.V.P., 1994.

Taylor, Vincent. The Names of Jesus. London: Macmillan, 1954.

Turner, N.Grammatical Insights into the N.T. Edinburgh:T.& T. Clarks, 1965.

Watson,F. Paul Judaism and the Gentiles. Cambridge University Press, 1986.

White, J.L. Studies in Ancient Letter Writing. Semeia 22. Chico: Scholar Press, 1981.

Wink , W. Naming the Powers I. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984.