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~Arak.                                  ~Arakin

AASOR                              Annual of the American schools of Oriental Research

AB                                      Anchor Bible

ANET                                 J.B. Pritchard(ed.), Ancint Near Eastern Texts

b.                                         Babylonian Talmud

BA                                      Biblical Archaeologist

BAR                                    Biblical Archaeologist Reader

BARev                                Biblical Archaeology Review

BASOR                               Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

Ber.                                     Berakot

BDB                                    F. Brown, S.R. Driver, and C.A. Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament

BHK                                   R. Kittel. Biblia Hebraica

BHS                                    Biblia hebraica stuttgartensia

Bib                                      Biblica

CBQ                                   Catholic Biblical Quarterly

Cf.                                       compare¤ñ¸û

CTJ                                     Calvin Theological Journal

DNTT                                 Colin Brown (ed.), Dictionary of New Testament Theology

DOTT                                 D.W. Thomas, (ed.)Documents from Old Testament Times

ed.                                       Editor, edited by½sµÛ

EncJud                                 Encyclopedia Judaica(1971)

EQ                                      Evangelical Quarterly

ExpT                                   Expository Times

f.                                          following¤Î¥H¤U¤@­¶/¸`

ff.                                         and the following¤Î¥H¤U½Ñ­¶/¸`

GKC                                   Gesenius~ Hebrew Grammar, ed E. Kautzsch, tr, A.E. Cowley

HTR                                    Harvard Theological Review

IB                                        Interpreter's Bible

IBD                                     Illustrated Bible Dictionary

ibid.                                     ibidem¦P¤W

ICC                                     International Critical Commentary

IDB                                     G.A. Buttrick(ed.) Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible

IDBSup                               Supplimentary to IBD

Int                                        Interpretation

ISBE                                   International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 2nd edition, 1986.

JAOS                                  Journal of the American Oriental Society

JB                                        A.Jones, (ed.), Jerusalem Bible

JBL                                     Journal of Biblical Literature

JETS                                   Journal of the Evangical Theological Society

JPSV                                   Jewish Publication Society Version

JQR                                     Jewish Quarterly Review

JSOT                                   Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

JSS                                      Journal of Semitic Studies

JTS                                      Journal of Theological Studies

Jub.                                     Jubilee

KB                                      L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testament libros

KJV                                    King James Version

LXX                                    Septuagint¤C¤Q¤hĶ¥»

MT                                      Masoretic Text°¨©Ò©Ô§Û¥»

NAB                                   New American Version

NASV                                 New American Standard Version

NEB                                    New English Version

Neg.                                    Nega `im

NICNT                               New Internationl Commentary on the New Testament

NICOT                               New International Commentary of the Ood Testament

Nid.                                     Niddah

NIV                                     New International Version

OTL                                    Old Testament Library

PEQ                                    Palestine Exploration Quarterly

Q                                         Qumran¦º®ü¥j¨÷

                      1Q, 2Q, 4Q, etc. Numbered caves of Qumran, yielding written material; followed by abbreviation of biblical book

RB                                       Revue biblique

Qod.                                    Qodashin

RevExp                                Review and Expositor

RevQ                                   Revue de Qumran

RSV                                    Revised Standard Version

RV                                      Review Version

S                                         Syriac Version±Ô§Q¨ÈĶ¥»

SP                                       Samaritan Pentateuch¼»º¿§Q¨È¤­¸g

SJT                                      Scottish Journal of Theology

TB                                       Tyndale Bulletin

TDNT                                 G. Kittel and G. Friedrich (ed.), Theological Dictionary of the New Testament

TDOT                                 G.J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren (ed.), Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament

Tg                                        Targum

TWOT                                R. Harris, Gleason L. Arsher, and Bruce K. Watke(ed.), Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament

V                                         VulgateªZ¥[¤jĶ¥»

VT                                       Vestus Testamentum

WTJ                                    Westminster Theological Journal

y.                                         Jerusalem Talmud

ZAW                                   Zeitschrift for die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

ZPE                                     Zodervan Pictorial encyclopedia of the Bible

 

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²{¤¤                              ¡m¸t¸g¡n¢w¢w²{¥N¤¤¤åĶ¥»¡A­»´ä¸t¸g¤½·|¡A1980

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1 ¬ù¤¤²½¥q( @heK )¤ñ¸û§Q¥¼(   ywile )©Î§Q¥¼¤H( syiwil] )³£­«­n¡C¥H¥X²{¦¸¼Æ¤ñ¸û¡A²½¥q¦@¥Î750¦¸¡A§Q¥¼63¦¸¡A¨ä¤¤¤£¤Ö¬O«ü§Q¥¼ªº«á¸Ç±Ú¤H¡C§Q¥¼¤H291¦¸¡C¦Ó¦b§Q¥¼°O¤¤¡A²½¥q¥X²{112¦¸¡A§Q¥¼¤@¦¸¤]¨S¦³¡A¦Ó§Q¥¼¤H¤]¥u¦³4¦¸¡]¤Ü¤­32-33¡^¡C

2 BDB pp.894-96; TWOT pp.809-10.

3 TDNT III pp.489-90; DNTT I, pp.271-73

 

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4 ¤Q¤»1»¡©úÅ«¸o¤é±ø¨Ò¤D¦b¨È¤ñ¤á¡B®³µª¦º«á¤~¹{µo¡A¦ý¤Q³¹¤w¸g´£¤Î¡A¥i¨£¥»®Ñ³¹¸`¨Ã«D«ö®É¶¡¦¸§Ç±Æ¦C¡A¦Ó¬OÅÞ¿è©Êªº½sÃþ¡A°ÑJ.S. Wright, "Thoughts on Composition of the Pentateuch", Evangelical Quarterly 25(1953) p.14.

 

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ÁaÆ[§Q¥¼°O¤º®e¤jºõ¡AÅÞ¿è©Êªº½s±Æ¦b¤@¦Ü¤Q¤C³¹¤×¨ä©úÅã¡C­º¥ý¡A¤£¦PÃþªºÄm²½¤w¥ý¦b¤@¦Ü¤C³¹¤¤¸Ô²Ó¸ÑÄÀ¡A¨ÏÀH«á§»ö±ø¨Ò¤¤´£¤ÎªºÄm²½¦³¨¬°÷ªº«ü¤Þ¡C³]¥ß²½¥q¨î«×¡A«ö¥ß²½¥q®É§Y¦³¤TºØ¤£¦Pªº²½¥²¶·Äm¤W¡]¤K-¤Q¡^¡C¤Q¥|¦Ü¤Q¤»³¹¼ä²b±ø¨Ò¤¤¡A¤]­n¨D»Ý¦³©ÒÄm²½¡C

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6 R.K. Harrison, Leviticus, (IVP, 1980) p.15.

7 Gorden Wenham, Leviticus, (Eerdmans, 1979) p.7.

 

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°£¦¹¥H¥~¡A¦pªG¤Q¤C¦Ü¤Ü¤»³¹¬O¿W¥ßªº³æ¤¸§@«~¡A¥¦ªº¤å«äÀ³¦³¨t²Îªºµ²ºc¡C¥i±¤¨Æ»PÄ@¹H¡A¦ó´I»D¡]D. Hoffmann¡^¦Ñ¦­¤w«ü¥X¤Q¤C³¹À³»P¤W¤å³s±µ¡A¦Ó¤£¯à¬O·s¬q¸¨ªº¶}©l¡C16ªñ´Á¬ö§Q¦w¡]R. Kilian¡^¥ç´£¿ô¡A¤Q¤C³¹¤£¯à»P¨ä¥L¸t¼ä¨å³¹³¹¸`¬Û³s¡C17®L²z¥Ó«h±j½Õ¤Ü¤­³¹¤£¥i¯à¬O©Ò¿×¸t¼ä¨å³¹ªº¤@­Ó¤À¬O¡C18¬Æ¦Ü®Ú¾Ú«Â¯E¥Í°²³]ªº¾ÇªÌ¡A¦p¤Ú¦w®í¡]B. Baentsch¡^19©M¥Õ¦h¤O¡]Bertholet¡^20³£©Ó»{«ö·Ó¥L­Ìªº²z½×¤ÀªR¸t¼ä¨å³¹¡A¤]Åã¥Ü¤º¤å¨Ã¤£¹Îµ²²Î¤@¡A¦Ó¬O¥Ñ¦n´XºØ¬Æ¦Ü¦h¦Ü¤Q¤GÃþ¤¬¤£Ãö³sªº«ß¨Ò¨Ó·½½s¿è¦Ó¦¨¡C

ºî¦X¤W­z½×ÂI¡A¼È¥BºJ¤U¼g§@¤é´Á¤£½Í¡Aµø¤Q¤C¦Ü¤Ü¤»³¹¬°»P¨ä¥L§Q¥¼°O³¹¸`¤À³Îªº¿W¥ß³æ¤¸¡A¹ê¦b©ó²z¤£¦X¡A¤£²Å¦X§Q¥¼°Oªº¤å¾Çµ²ºc¡C

 

8 pp.401ff, ¯S§Op.416; ¸Ó¤å­«¥Z¦b¥LªºµÛ§@¤­¸g(Der Pentateuch [1893] pp.368ff.)

9 ¤@¯ë¬ù°ª¯Å§å§P¾ÇªÌºÙ«Â¯E¥Íªº°²³]¬°©³¥»»¡(the Documentary Hypothesis)¡C·¨º¸¼w«h«ö³o­Ó°²³]ªº°ò¥»½×ÂIºÙ¤§¬°µo®i»¡(Development Hypothesis)¡C°Ñ¬ù¾É½×¡]¹DÁn¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1964¤¤Ä¶¥»¡^ pp.138-145.

10 ©M¦X¥»¨Ã¨S¦³¡u¥H«á¡K¡K¤S¡v¡AµM¦Ó§Æ§B¨Ó­ì¤å¦³³s±µµü¡A¦b³oùعê¦b¬O«ü¥Ü¦¸§Ç¡A©Ò¥H¤@¯ëªñ´Á­^¤åĶ¥»¡A¨Ò¦pNEB, NASV, NIV³£Ä¶¬°"Then Yahweh said to Moses"¡A¤¤¤å«ä°ªÄ¶¥»¡G¡u¤W¥D¥H«á¦V±ö·æ»¡¡v¡A·í¥N¸t¸g«h§@¡G¡u¥D¤S«ü¥Ü¼¯¦è¡v¡A«ü©ú¥»¸`¶}©l·sªº¬q¸¨¡C

11 ®L²z¥Ó(R.K. Harrison)«ü¥Ü¡A§Q¤Ü¤»26¬O¥þ®ÑªºÁ`½×¡A¦Ó«D¸Ó¨å³¹ªºµ²»y¡A(TOTCp. 26)¡Fù¼w½^(A. Noordtzij)«o»{¬°¸Ó¸`¤£¹L¬O¤Ü¤­1¶}©lªº¤@¬q¤§µ²»y¡A¤£¯à»¡¬O¸t¼ä¨å³¹ªº¶[¨¥¡ALeviticus, (Zondervan, 1982) p.8.

12 Wenham, Leviticus, p.7.

13 R.K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament, (Eerdmans, 1969) p.597.

14 Harrison, Leviticus, p.25.

15 ¬ù¾É½×¡Ap.72.

16 Das Buch Leviticus I, (Berlin: Poppelauer, 1905) p.469; Rolf Rendtorff, The Old Testament: An Introduction, (Fortress, 1986) p.145.

17 Literarkritische und Formgeschicntliche Undersuchung des Heilig Keitsgesetzes, (Bonn: Hanstein, 1963) pp.176ff.

18 Introduction to the Old Testament, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969) p.598.

19 Exodus, Leviticus, Numeri, (Handkommentar zum AT)(Go/tingen: 1903) p.387.

20 Leviticus, (Kurzer Handkommentar zum AT)(Tu/bingen: Mohr, 1901) p.x.

 

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21 ¨Ò¦p¤Q¥@¬ö¦è¯Z¤úªº\cs15Ibn Hazam of Cordova, ¤Q¤@¥@¬öªºIbn Ezra, ¤Q¤­¥@¬ö°¨¤B¸ô¼wªº¹ïÀYAndreas Bodenstein, ¤Q¤C¥@¬ö¥v¹ê¿Õ²ï(Benedict Spinoza)µ¥¡C°ÑR.K.Harrison, lntroduction to the Old Testament, pp.497-498; ¦ã°ò·s(G.L.Archer)¬ù·§½×¡]ºØ¬ó¡A1985¡^­¶93.

22 «Â¯E¥Íµoªí¨äµÛ§@®É¡AªñªF¦Ò¥j¾Ç¤w¦³¤£¤Ö¬Û·í­«­nªº¬ã¨s¤å³¹µoªí¡A°ÑHarrison, Introduction, pp.85-88; William Foxwell Albrigt, From Stone Age to Christianity, (2nd ed., Garden City; Doubleday, 1957) pp.25-41.

23 °Ñ¿à¯S¸t¸g¦Ò¥j¾Ç¡]ªF«n¨È¯«¾Ç¨ó·|¡F1967¡^ pp.131-143; ¨È·í´µ¥j¥N¬ö¿ý»P¸t¸g¡]®û·|¡A1967¡^ pp.150-152; ¶ø§BµÜ¡u¬ùªº¥@¬É¡v¡A¸t¸g¦ÒÄÀ¤j¥þ: ¬ù½×ÂO¡]¤W¡^¡]¤åÃÀ¡A1970¡^ pp. 1-124; Harrison, Introduction, pp.362. 414; Old Testament Times, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970): Archer, "Archaeological Evidence for the Antiquity of the Pentateuch", Survey, pp.155-165; Roland de Vaux, Anchient Israel. vol. 2, Religious Institutions, (New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 1961); James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1955); Albright, From the Stone Age to Christianity, pp.25-81, 127-272 µ¥¡C

24 ³Ìªñ¥N¦³Ãö¯Q¥[§Qªº¬ã¨s¡A°ÑPeter C. Craigie, Ugarit and the Old Testament, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983) ¤Î¤~¨ä¤¤ªºChapter VII: A Guide For Further Study And Reading©Ò¦C¤§®Ñ¥Ø¡C

25 ¦ã¥¬©Ôªºµo²{©M¬ã¨s¡A°ÑEdward Hughes¡u¥j°ê¦ã¥¬©Ô¡vŪªÌ¤åºK¤@¤E¤C¤K¦~¡A¤C¤ë¸¹¡App.60-64; P.Mattiae, Ebla: An Empire Rediscovered, (Garden City: Doubleday, 1981); G. Pettinato, The Archives of Ebla, (Garden, City: Doubleday, 1981); Chaim Bermont and Michael Weitzman, Ebla Revelation In Archaeology, (New York: Times Book, 1979); Mitchell Dahood, "Are the Ebla Tablets Relevant to Biblical Research?", Biblical Archaelolgy Review 6/5, 1980, pp.54-60; Lawrence T.Geraty, "Update on Ebla", Ministry January, 1982, pp.24-27µ¥¡C

26 Herbert F. Lamp, "An Old Testament Index to Archaeological Source", Trinity Journal 3(1982) pp.170-194, ¯S§Opp.189-190±Nªñ¥N¦Ò¥jµo²{´£¨Ñ§Q¥¼°O¬ã¨sªº®Ñ¥»¤å³¹¦CÁ|¡C

27 ¦³Ãö¦º®ü¥j¨÷ªº¬ã¨s¡A¤w¦³³\¦hµÛ§@¥Xª©¡A¤¤¤å°Ñ¦Ò¬d²z¡D´´µØ¡A¦º®ü¥j¨÷»P¸t¸Ì¡]ºØ¬ó¡A1978¡^¡A­^¤å°ÑF.M. Cross, Jr., The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies, (New York: Doubleday, 1958).

28 ¶O¼w¥Á(David Noel Freedman)¦CÁ|¤T¤j²z¥Ñ:

 (1)¬O²{¦s³Ì¥j¦Ñªº§Q¥¼°O§Û¥»¡A«D±`¥i¯à¬O¥D«e¤G¥@¬ö«á´Áªº§Û¥»¡F¡]Á¤ͤý´£¥X¬Æ¦Ü¦³»{¬°¦­¦Ü¥D«e¤T©Î¥|¥@¬ö¡A¨â¬ù¤¤¶¡¥v²¤¡eºØ¬ó¡A1977¡fp.407.¡^

(2)¬O³Ìªø½g´T¤å¥ó¥Î¥j§Æ§B¨Ó¤åÅé(paleo-Hebrew)¼g¦¨¡A©Ò¥H¹ï»{ÃÑ¥j§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¦b§Æþ--ù°¨®É¥NªººtÅܫܦ³À°§U¡F

(3)¥¦¬O¦bToral¡u«ßªk¡v§Æ§B¨Óª©¥»©T©w¬°¥¿¨å®É´Á¡A¤@©w¹ï§Û¥»»P¶Ç²Î¾ú¥vªº¬ã¨s¦³©Ò°^Äm¡C

("Variant Reading in the Leviticus Scroll from Qumran Cave 11", Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 36 [1974] p.525).

29 ³Ì·sªþ¬ã¸g§å§P¸ê®Æªº§Q¥¼°Oª©¥»¬OBiblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung 1977)

30 Ãö©óLXXªº¬ã¨s¡A°ÑSidney Jellicoe, The Septuagint and Modern Study, (Oxford: Clarendon 1968); H.M. Orlinsky, The Septuagint: The Oldest Translation of the Bible, (Cincinnati, 1949); H.B. Swete, An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, revised R.R. Ottley(Cambridge: University Press, 1914).

31 Harrison, Introduction, pp.220-226; Bruce K. Waltke "The Samaritan Pentateuch And The Text of the Old Testament", in J. Barton Payne ed. New Perspectives On The Old Testament, (Waco: Word, 1970) pp.212-240

32 D.N. Freedman, "Variant Readings in The Leviticus Scroll From Qumran Cave 11", pp.525-534; K.A. Mathews, "The Leviticus Scroll (11 Q psleo Lev) and the text of the Hebrew Bible", CBQ 48(1986), 171-207.

33 Wlenham, Leviticus, p.15.

34 Harrison, Leviticus, p.35.

35 ¸Ô²Óªºµo®i®É¶¡ªí°ÑHarrison, Introduction, pp.7-32; ¨¯´¶¥Í¡u¤»¸g¤§¦¨ªø¡v¡A¸t¸g¦ÒÄÀ¤j¥þ¡G¬ù½×ÂO¡]¤U¡^¡]¤åÃÀ¡A1981¡^ pp.31-70.

36 Die Priesterschrift von Exodus 25 bis Leviticus 16, eine u/berlieferungsges-chichtliche und Literarkritische Untersuchung, (Go/ttingen, 1959) p.76 n.6.

37 Leviticus, (OT Library)(London: SCM, 1965) p.91

38 Die Gesetze in der Priesterschrift, eine gattungsgeschichtliche Untersuchung, (Go/ttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1963) p.45n.34.

39 "The Literary Connection Between LV 11, 13-19 And DT 14, 12-18", Catholic Biblical Quarterly 28(1966) 271-177, ½Ð°Ñ¬Ý¤Q¤@³¹µùÄÀªº¤ñ¸û¡C

40 From Bible To Mishna, (Manchester, 1976) pp.132ff.

41 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School, (Oxford; Clarendon, 1972) pp.18Off, 223.

42 "What Happened Every Seven Year in Israel?", Evangelical Quarterly 56(1984): 129-138; 193-201.

43 "Atonement Constructions in the Old Testament and the Qumran Scrolls", Evangelical Quarterly 46(1974): 131-163.

44 Ibid, p.161

45 Y. Kaufmann, The Religion of Israel, (London: Allen and Unwin, 1961)

46 A. Hurvitz, "The Evidence of Language in Dating the Priestly Code", Revue Biblique 81(1974) pp.24-57. ªñ´Áªº¤å³¹¡ADavid R. Hildebrand" A Summary of Recent Findings In Support of An Early Date For the Socalled Priestly Material of The Pentateuch", JETS 29(1986): 129-138 ºë²§ã­n«D±`¦³¤Oªº°Q½×¡A±a¥X¥O¤H«HªAªºµ²½×¡C

47 E.A. Speiser, "Leviticus and the Critics", in Oriental and Biblical Studies, (Philadelphia: University Press, 1967) pp.123.142.

48 Jacob Milgrom, "Leviticus", Encyclopedia Judaica, (1972) 11: 138.

49 Deuteronomy, pp.180ff.

50 °£¤FKauffman©MWeinfeld¥~¡AM. Douglas±q¤HÃþªºÆ[ÂI¡A¤ä«ù§Q¥¼°OÄÝ©ó¦­´Á¡A¦Ó»P«á´Á¡A±¡§Î¤£¦P¡CImplicit Meanings, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975) pp.315ff.

51 The Book of Leviticus, 3d. ed.(1899; reprint, Minneapolis: Klock & Klock, 1978), p.369.

52 Áú©Ó¨}¡A¦Ø¥¼¬öÄÀ¸q¡]¤Ñ¥D±Ð«ä°ª¸t¸g¾Ç·|¡A1985¡^p.4-5

53 §Q¥¼°OµùÄÀ¡]ÃÒ¹D¡A1956¦Aª©¡^úS¡B¸v­¶¡C

 

¯«¾Ç±Ð°V

µS¤Ó¤H©M°ò·þ±ÐªºÂ¬ù¸t¸g±Æ¦C¡A¥H³Ì«eªº¤­¨÷¬°¤@¾ãÅé¡A²ÎºÙ«ßªk®Ñ©Î¼¯¦è¤­¸g¡A¥iª¾³o¤­¨÷®ÑÃö«Y±K¤Á¡A²Õ¦X¦Ó¦¨¤@­Ó§¹¾ãªº±Ò¥Ü±Ð°V¡C©Ò¥H§Q¥¼°O¬JµM¨Ã«D³æ¿W¦s¦b¡A­n´x´¤¨ä¤¤¯«¾Ç±Ð°V¡A¾|¹F¥±¡]Jean Rutherford¡^´£¿ô¡G¡u¬q»P¬q¤§¶¡¬O¦³Ápôªº¡A¦Ó¥BÁpô¬O¤Q¤À­«­nªº¡C¦³¤H»{¬°¸t¸g¬OÂø¶ÃµL³¹¡Bµ²ºc´²º©ªº¡A¨ä¹ê¸t¸gªºµ²ºc¦n¹³¤@´Ê¥Íªøªº¾ð¡A¦³ªK¦³¸`¡C¡v54¬JµM§Q¥¼°O»P¨ä¥L®Ñ¨÷³sô¡A¬ã¨s¥¦ªº±Ð°V¡A´N¥²¶·¯d·N¡A¡u§Ú­Ì½Í¸Üªº°O¸ü¡A¤Á¤Å§Ñ°O¬Ý¬Ý¤W¤U¤å¡A§K±oÂ_³¹¨ú¸q¡A¬ïÆwªþ·|¡A¬n¦±¤å·N¬Æ¦Ü»P§@ªÌ­I¹D¦Ó¹£¡A«o¦Û¥H¬°¬O©¾©ó¸t¸g¡C¡v55

 

54 ¯ª¬ù¿«½s¡A¬ã¸gªk½×¶°¡]«Å¹D1981¡^¡u«ö¬q¤ÀªR¡vp.30

55 ±i­×»ô¡A¬¡¥ÎŪ¸gªk¡]ÃÒ¹D¡A1973¡^p.11.

 

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§Q¥¼°O»P¥X®J¤Î°O¹ê¦b¬O¯«¦b¦è¤M¤s±Ò¥Üªº¤W¤U¨â³¡¥÷¡A¤¤¤åĶ¥»¥i¯à¬°¤F³q¶¶¡A¨S¦³§â§Æ§B¨Ó­ì¤å¡A¶}©l¥»®Ñªº²Ä¤@­Ó¦r¡A¡uµM«á¡v¡] w\\]w#¡^¨º³s±µµüº¥X¨Ó¡ALXX©M¤@¨Ç­^¤åĶ¥»56©¾¹ê¦aªí¥Ü¡A«ö·Ó¤åÅéµ²ºc¡A§Q¥¼°Oªº±Ð°V©Ó±µ¥X®J¤Î°O¡]§Y¥X¥|¤Q38¡^¡A¦¨¬°¤@­Ó¾ãÅé¡C°ª±oÄ_¡]Louis Goldberg¡^«ü¥X§Q¥¼°Oªº±Ð°V¡A57´N¬OÁ¿½×¼¯¦èªº·ù¬ù©Î«ßªk¡C¼¯¦è»â¨üªº·ù¬ù«ßªk¡A¥D­n¤À¬°¤T¤j³¡¥÷¡G¹D¼w¡B²½ªÁ¡B©M¥qªk¡C°£¦¹¥H¥~¡AÁÙ¦³²Ä¥|³¡¥÷¡A½×­z·q«ô©M¥Í¬¡ªº¼Ò¦¡¡C¨Ò¦p¦w®§¤é¡B­¹ª«¡B¼ä²bµ¥³W«h¡C³o¥|³¡¥÷¦¨¬°¤é±`¥Í¬¡¦U¤è­±ªº¦u«h©M«ü¤Þ¡A¦ý«e¤T³¡¥÷¤Dºc¦¨¼¯¦è«ßªkªº¿W¯S¦]¯À¡C¹D¼w«ß½T©w«O«ù¯«¸t¥Í¬¡ªº­Û²z¼Ð·Ç¡A²½ªÁ¨î«×»¡©ú¸o´c±o±ÏÅ«¡B©e¨­¨Í¥D¡B·PÁ¤λP¯«¬Û¥æªº¤èªk¡A¥qªk³¹«h¨Ñµ¹¥Á±Ú³B²z¥Á¨Æ©M¦D¨Æ¶D³^ªº¨t²Î¡C¥X®J¤Î°O¤w²¤½×³o¤T­Ó«ßªkªº­«ÂI¡A¦Ó§Q¥¼°O«h°£¹ï¦U­«ÂI¦A¥[¸Ô²Óµo´§¡A§ó¥[ÄÄ­z«ßªk²Ä¥|³¡¥÷ªº·q«ô¤Î¥Í¬¡¼Ò¦¡¡C©Ò¥H§Q¥¼°O¤D¼¯¦è«ßªk¤@­Ó­«­nªºÀô¸`¡A­É¥Î¬d¸q«ä¡]Brevard S. Childs¡^ªº§Î®e¡G¡u§Q¥¼°O´£¨Ñ¬ù«ç¼Ë¤F¸Ñ«ßªkªº¥D­n¨Ò¤l¡v¡C58

 

56 AV: "Ans", NASV "Then"

57 Leviticus, (A Study Guide Commentary)(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1980) p.7.

58 Introduction to the Old Testament As Scripture, (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979) p.187.

 

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ÁöµM§Q¤@¦Ü¤C³¹½×­z¦UºØÄm²½¡A¦ü¥G¥´Â_¤F³o­Ó³sÄò©Ê¡A¹ê¦b¬O¥²¶·ªº¸É¥R¡C³o¬qªº­º¦r¡A§Y¤W¤å°Q½×¹L¥»®Ñªº­º¦r¡A¡uµM«á¡vªí¥Ü³s±µ¥X¥|¤Q38¡C¥»¬q¥½¥y¡u³o´N¬OêO²½¡B¯À²½¡BÅ«¸o²½¡BÅ«·^²½¡B©M¥­¦w²½ªº±ø¨Ò¡A¨Ã©Ó±µ¸t¾ªºÂ§¡A³£¬O­C©MµØ¦b¦è¤D¤s©Ò§h©J¼¯¦èªº¡A´N¬O¥L¦è¤DÃm³¥§h©J¥H¦â¦C¤HÄm¨Ñª«µ¹­C©MµØ¤§¤é©Ò»¡ªº¡C¡v¡]¤C37-38¡^²M·¡¥æ¥»¬q©Ó¥ý«áªº§@¥Î¡C­º¥ý¡A¡u³£¬O­C©MµØ¦b¦è¤D¤s©Ò§h©J¼¯¦èªº¡v¦b¤W¬q¤w¸g½×¤Î¡A¬O¥X®J¤Î°O©µÄòªº¤Þ¥y¡C¨ä¦¸¡A¥X®J¤Î°Oµ²§ô®É¡A¤@¤Á·|¹õ¤Î²½¥qªºª««~³£¤w§¹¦¨¡A¨Ã¥B¡u¦b·|¹õªº±b¹õªù«e¡A¦w³]êO²½¾Â¡A§âêO²½¡A©M¯À²½Äm¦b¨ä¤W¡A¬O·Ó­C©MµØ©Ò§h©J¥Lªº¡C¡v¡]¥X¥|¤Q28¡^¡CµM¦Ó¦b¥X®J¤Î°O¨Ã¨S¦³¤¶²ÐêO²½©M¯À²½ªºÄmªk¡Aºò±µªº§Q¥¼°O¤@¦Ü¤­³¹¸É¥RÄm²½ªº±ø¨Ò¡A¤D¦ÛµM¤£¹L¡C³Ì«á¡A¥X¤Ü¤E³¹«ü¥Ü¼¯¦è»I¥ß¨È­Û¤÷¤lªºµ{§Ç¡A­nÄmÅ«¸o²½¡BêO²½©M¥­¦w²½¡A¥]¬A®_¡B¿N¡B¦Y©M¨Ï¥Î¦å¡A­Y«D§Q¤»¦Ü¤C³¹¸ÑÄÀ²½¥q«ç¼Ë³B²z¦UºØ²½ªÁ¡A¨È­Û¦b»I¥ß¨å§¤¤´N¤â¨¬µL±¹¡A©Ò¥H§Q¤C37»¡©ú³o¤j¬q¸¨¬O¬°¤F¡u©Ó±µ¸t¾ªºÂ§¡v¡C¦]¦¹¿à¯S(Wright)»{¬°§Q¥¼°Oªº³¹¸`¦¸§Ç¡A¨Ã«D«ö¾ú¥v«e«á¡A¦Ó¬O«ö±Ð°V¥[¥HÅÞ¿è©Ê½s±Æ¡A60»¡©úÂDz½¥q©ÒÄmªº²½¬O¯«¯S§Oªº±Ò¥Ü¡A©Ò¥H¤D¡u¥@¥@¥N¥N¥Ã±o¤§¤À¡v¡]¤C36¡^¡C¨È­Û»I¥ß¡]¤K-¤E¡^´N¬O«ö·Ó¯«·q«ô±Ò¥Ü¥¿½T¦^À³ªº¨Ò¤l¡A¦Ó®³µª¡B¨È¤ñ¤á«h¬°¤£¸t¼ä¹H­I±Ò¥Üªº¼f§PŲ§Ù¡]¤Q¡^¡C

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¦¨¸tÂk¯«ªº¨­¥÷¡A°£¤F­n¨D¥H¦â¦C¤H¦p¦ó»P¯«¬Û¥æ¥~¡A¤]¦ù©µ¨ì¤H»ÚÃö«Y¡C¤Q¤C¦Ü¤Ü¤»³¹ªº­Û²z­n¨D»P¤Q¤@¦Ü¤Q¤»³¹©v±Ð©Êªº­n¨D¤@¼Ë¡A´N¬O«ö·Ó¯«ªº¸t¼ä¡]¤Q¤E³¹¡^¡C¤£Â_­«ÂЪº¡u§Ú¬O­C©MµØ§A­Ìªº¯«¡v¡]¤Q¤E4ff¡^¡A±N§Q¥¼°O»P¦è¤D¤s¥ß¬ù³s°_¨Ó¡A¦]¬°¥X®J¤Î©M¥ß¬ù¹{«ßªkªº¥Øªº¡A´N¬O¡u§A­Ì­nª¾¹D§Ú­C©MµØ§A­Ìªº¯«¡v¡]¥X¤»2ff¡^¡C

 

59 Ibid, pp.184-186.

60 Wright, "Thoughts On Composition of the Pentateuch", p.14.

 

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¬y¦å»PÅ«¸o¡@«öú¦«ßªk¡A¤Zª«®t¤£¦h³£¬O¥Î¦å¼ä²bªº¡A­Y¤£¬y¦å¡A¸o´N¤£±o³j§K¤F¡C¡v¡]¨Ó¤E22¡^§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñ§@ªÌ¤ß¥Ø¤¤ªº«ßªk¡A¥]¬A¥X®J¤Î°O©M¥Á¼Æ°O¡A¦ý¬Û«H¥D­n¤D«ü§Q¥¼°O¡C¦b²³¦hªºÄm²½¤¤¡A°£¤F¯À²½¥~¡A¦UºØªº²½¡AµL½×¬Oªí¥Ü·PÁ©e¨­ªºêO²½¡A»P¯«»P¤H¤À¨É¹Î«´ªº¥­¦w²½¡A©Î¬O¬°¸o¦ÓÄmªº²½¡A³£¥]¬A¬y¦åªºµ{§Ç¡C©Ò¥H¦å¡] sD; da{m¡^¦b§Q¥¼°O¤¤¦@¥Î83¦¸¡A§ó¬O¬ù¬y¦å¯«¾Ç·N¸qªº­«­n±Ò¥Ü¡G¡u¦]¬°¦åùئ³¥Í©R¡A©Ò¥H¯àÅ«¸o¡C¡v¡]¤Q¤C11¡^³o¸g¤å±q¬y¦åªº¦æ°Ê¤Þ¾É¦ÜÅ«¸oªº±Ð°V¡C rPk (k-p-r)³o§Æ§B¨Ó¤åªº¦r®Ú¤£¦P»yºA¦b§Q¥¼°O¦@¥Î58¦¸¡A¤¤¤å½Ķ¬°Å«¸o¡BÅ«¡B¼ä²b¡B¬I®¦µ¥¡C§Q¥¼°Oªº¬y¦åÅ«¸o³o¯«¾ÇÆ[ÂI¡A¤£³æ¹ï¬ù¥H¦â¦CÄm²½ªº¤H·N¸q­«­n¡A¤]¬O¹wªí·s¬ùÀ±ÁɨȦ¨´Nªº¥Ã»·±Ï®¦¡A©Ò¥H¬y¦åÅ«¸o¤]¬O¨Ï®{­Ì­«ÂиԺɤޭzÄÄÄÀªº¯«¾Ç±Ð°V¡C

 

61 ¤G13¡A¤Ü¥|8¡A¤Ü¤»9¡B15¡B25¡B42¡]3¦¸¡^¡B44¡B45.

62 »®¤Hªþ±e±ø¬ù»P¬ù¯S§O¥Ó©R°OªºÃö«Y¡A¤w¦³³\¦h­«­n¸àÄÀ¡A¨Ò¦pD.J. McCarthy, Treaty and Covenant, (Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1963); M. Kline, The Treaty of the Great King, (Eerdmans, 1963), ¨ä¤¤ªþ±e±ø¬ù³¡¥÷¦A¸üThe Structure of Biblical Authority, revised edition, (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1975) p.86; J.A. Thompson, Deuteronomy, (London: IVP. 1974) pp.14ff; P.C. Craigie, The Book of Deuteronomy, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976) pp.20ff.¤£¹L±N¥X®J¤Î-§Q¥¼°O»P»®¤Hªþ±e±ø¨Ò§@¤ñ¸ûªº¥u¦³G.E. Mendenhall, Law and Covenant in Israel and the Ancient Near East.

63 The Bible in Its World, (Exeter: Paternoste, 1977) p.82.

64 ®Ú¾ÚSolomon MandelKern, Veteris Testamenti Concordantiae: Hebra&ica Atque Chaldaicae, (Tel Aviv: Schocken, 1969)¡A¤¤­^ªº¦¸¼Æ¸û¤Ö¡A¥D­n¦]¬°¤¤¤åªí¹F¤è¦¡»P§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¦³§O¡A¨Ò¦p¦Ü¸t©Ò¡A¤¤¤å¸t¦r¥u¥Î¤@¦¸¡A§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¬O¸t¤¤ªº¸t¡A¡u¸t¡v¦r¥X²{¨â¦¸¡C

65 ³o¨Ç¼Æ¦r®Ú¾ÚE. Jenni u. C. Westermann, Theologisches Handwo/rterbuch zum Alten Testament, I, pp.571, 647, 665, II, p.593.

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68 Ign. Mag. 7: 2

69 Das Christuszeugnis des alten Testaments, (Munich: C. Kaiser, 1935) I, 268

 

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´n¬A·s¬ù¹ï¬ù«ßªkªº¬Ýªk¡A·s¬ù¤£³æ±µ¨ü¬ùªº¹D¼w©R¥O¡A¨Ã¥BÂЭz¥H«e·ù¬ùªº°ò­n¯«¾Ç¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¼¯¦èªº¦UÃþ«ß¨Ò¡C¦pªG·s¬ù¦h±j½Õ¯«ªº®¦¨å¡A¤D¦]°ò·þªº­°¥@©M¨ü¦º»·¤ñ¥X®J¤Î§ó¨ãÅé¦aªí¹ü¤F¯«ªº¼¦¼§¡C

°£¤F¹D¼w«ß¡A¨Ò¦p¡u­n·R¤H¦p¤v¡v¡]¤Q¤E18¡^³o¨Ç©R¥O¥~¡A§Q¥¼°O¤¤©Ò¿×ªº¥Á¨Æ³W±ø¡A¨Ò¦p¯Ñ¦a¤§¨Ò¡]¤Q¤E9-10¡B19¡B23-25¡^¡B«ç¼Ë°õ¦æ¦º¦D¡]¤Ü9-16¡^µ¥¡Aªº½T¬Æ¤Ö¦b·s¬ù¤¤¤Þ¥Î¡C¦ý·s¬ù¤Þ¥Îªº¥Á¨Æ³W±ø¬O»P¹D¼w«ß¨ã¦Pµ¥ªºÅv«Â¡]¨Ò¦pªL«e¤E9¤Þ¥Î¥Ó¤Ü¤­4¡A¥i¤C10®Ú¾Ú§Q¤Ü9¡^¡A¥i¨£§Q¥½°Oªº«ß¨Ò¡A¹ê¦b¹ï²{¤µ«H®{¨ã¥i¦æ¨ÃÀ³¼i¦æªºÀ³¥Î©Ê¡C

 

70 ¦³Ãö±q¸t¸g¤å¤Æ°O¸ü´M§ä¶W¤å¤Æ¯u²z±Ò¥Üªº­«­n©M¤èªk°Ñ¾\Berkeley Mickelsen, Interpreting The Bible, (Eerdmans, 1963) pp.159-176; Äõ©iµÛ¡A¸â¥¿¸q½Ķ¡A°ò·þ±ÐÄÀ¸g¾Ç¡]¬¡¬u¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1983¡^ pp.137.146.

71 Brevard S. Childs, Introduction To the Old Testament As Scripture, (Fortress Press, 1979) p.186.

72 »C»²¥Á¡A§Q¥¼°OÁ¿¸q¡]¤Ö¦~Âk¥DªÀ¡A1983¦Aª©¡^ p.1.

73 ¦³¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¹B¥Î³o¬q©MÀHú¦ªº¤@¬q¸g¤å¡A¯S§O¬O¥[¤T23¡AÁ¿½×«ßªk/®¦¨å¬O¬Û¹ïªº¡C¦ý¬ù±q¨Ó¨S¦³±Ð°V¦æ«ßªk¥i±o±Ï¡A¦Ü¤Ö­C¿q©M¨Ï®{­Ì¡A¥]¬A«Où³o¨ÇµS¤Ó¤H¨Ã¤£¦P·N«ßªk©M®¦¨å¹ï¥ß¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¶¾½®©[¯u²z»P¦Û¥Ñ¡]ÃÒ¹D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1982¡^ pp.192-233; D.P. Fuller, Gospel and Law: Contrast of Continuum, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980); Herman Ridderbos, Paul: An Outline of His Theology, (Eerdmans, 1975) pp.130-158; C.E.B. Cranfield, "St Paul and The Law, Scottish Journal of Theology 17(1964): 43-68; Kenneth L. Barker, "False Dichotomies Between The Testaments", JETS 25(1982): 3-16; Richard N. Longenecker, "The Pedagogical Nature of The Law in Galatians 3:19-4:7", JETS 25(1982) 63-74.

74 °Ñ¾\E.P. Sandera, "Judaism and the Grand 'Christian" Abstractions: Love, Mercy, and Grace", Interpretation 39(1985): 357-372.

75 ©Ô¤ñ¤åÄm¤Þ¦ÛC.G.Montefiore and H. Loewe, A Rabbinic Anthology(New York, 1974)²Ä¤T³¹¡Cë¤å¤D±qSiddur Avodst Israel, ¦ýÃþ¦üªº¤º¤å¥R¥¸¤@¯ë¬èë¤å¡C¤W¨Òªº¨C¤é¨£ÃÒ«üShem¡]¥Ó¤»\cs154f¡^¡A¤DµS¤Ó¤H¨C¤Ñ­I»wªº¸g¤å¡C

76 O.M.T. O'Donovan, "Towards an Interpretation of Biblical Ethics", Tyndale Bulletin 27(1976): 59.

77 ¹ï«ßªk¤T¤Àªº½èºÃ°Ñ¾\Wenham, pp.32-37.

78 ¡u¤£³ß·R²½ªÁ¡v¨Ã«D§_©w§»öªº»ù­È¡A¤D¬O§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¤ñ¸ûªº¥y¦¡¡A»¡©ú¹D¼w¨}µ½¤ñ¸û²½ªÁ§»ö§ó­«­n¡A¯Ê¥F¹D¼w¤ä«ùªºÂ§»ö¬OªÅ¯BµL®Ä¡C¦ó¦èªü®Ñ¥D­n¬O¥Î¸Öºq¤åÅéªí¹F¯«ªº±Ò¥Ü¡A«ö¦P¸q¥­¦æ¥yªº¤è¦¡¡A¤U¥y¸ÑÄÀ¤W¥y¡A¡u³ß·R»{Ãѯ«¡A³Ó©óêO²½¡v¡A¤W¥yªº¤£³ß·R²½¯ªªº¡u¤£¡v¡A¬Ûµ¥©ó¡u³Ó¡v©óêO²½¡A¥i¨£³o¤D¤ñ¸ûªº¥yªk¡C½Ð°Ñ­ð¦ö¤§¦ó¦èªü®ÑµùÄÀ¡]¤Ñ¹D¡A1984¡^ pp.142. 144; ³¯²×¹D¡A¦ó¦èªü®ÑÁ¿¸q¡]¤Ñ¹D¡A1981¡^ pp.67-68.

 

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«e­±§Ú­Ì»¡¹L§Q¥¼°O¬O¤@¥»¤Q¤Àª`­«ªk«ßªº¸g¨å¡A¥¦¬Æ¦Ü©ó±qÀY¦Ü§À©Ò°Q½×°O¸üªº¡A³£¬O»Pªk«ß¦³ÃöªºªF¦è¡A«Ü¤Ö¯A¤Î¾ú¥vªºÃD§÷¡C§Ú­Ì³£©Ó»{¥@¬É¨S¦³¤@±ø¤H¬°ªºªk«ß¬O¤@¦¨¤£Åܪº¡A¥¦¥²¶·­nÀHú¦®É¥N«e¶i¡A¤S¥²¶·«ö·Ó®É¥Nªº§ïÅÜ©Mºt¶i¡A°w¹ï®É¥Nªº»Ý­n¡BÀô¹ÒªºÅܾE¡A¦Ó¥[¥H­×¥¿¡B§ï­²¡B§R°£©Î¥[²K¡F»P¤H­Ì¥Í¬¡¦³ú¦±K¤ÁÃö«Yªº©v±Ð§»öªk«ß§ó¬O¦p¦¹¡A¥¦¥²¶·­n¤é·s¤ë²§ªº¥[¥H§ïµ½¡A»P®É­Ñ¶i¡A»PÀô¹Òºt¶i¡C¤j¤½±Ð·|¤º³\¦hªk«ß±ø¤åªº­×¥¿¡A¥H¤Î§»ö¤¤³\¦h§³WªººtÅÜ¡A¤£¬O«Ü¦nªº¨Ò¤l¶Ü¡H½Ö¤]ª¾¹D¡A¥H¦â¦C¥Á¦bÃm³¥¤¤ªº¥Í¬¡Àô¹Ò¡A»P¶i¸t¦a«áªº©w©~¥Í¬¡¡A¬O¤j²§¨ä½ì¡A­~µM¤£¦Pªº¡C¨äªk«ß±ø¤å¦]¦¹¦³©Ò§ó§ï¡A¤S¦³¬Æ»ò¥i­È±oÅå©_ªº©O¡H¤£¹L§Ú­Ì­nª¾¹D¡A©v±Ð·q§¤Wªº§ï­²©MºtÅÜ¡A¤j³¡¬O¥~ªí§Î¦¡¤WªººtÅÜ¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¨ä©T¦³¥»½èªº§ïÅÜ¡A¤£µM¨ä©v±Ð¤§¥»¨­¤]­n§ïÅÜ¡A¦Ó¤£¦A¬O­ì¨Ó¤W¥D©Ò±Ò¥Üªº©v±Ð¤F¡C82

 

79 @n'a; ³o¦r»P¤Q»|¤£¥i«Á²]¬O¦P¤@§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¦r¡C

80 ¥Î¥ÛÀY¥´¦ºªº¸o¦æ¥]¬A«ô°¸¹³¨¸¯«¡]¥Ó¤Q¤T10-11¡A¤Q¤C5-8¡^¡AÁ¶Âp¯«ªº¦W¡]§Q¤Ü¥|14¡B23¡^¡AÁ¶Âp¦w®§¤é¡]¥Á¤Q¤­35-36¡^¡AÊÞ°f¤£§µ¡]¥Ó¤Ü¤@21¡^¡C¦¹¥~¡A³g¨ú¸t·µ°]ª«¤Î°dŽg§g¤ý¡A®Ú¾Ú®Ñ¤C25¤Î¤ý¤W¤Ü¤@10¡A¤]À³¥Î¥ÛÀY¥´¦º¡C

81 °ÑM. Greenberg, "Some Postulates of Biblical Criminal Law", Y. Kaufmann Jibilee Volume(ed. M. Haran; Jerusalem: Magnes, 1960) pp.5-28; E.M. Good, "Capital Punishment and its Alternative in Ancient Near Eastern Law", Stanford Law Review 19(1967) pp.947-977.

82 ¦Ø¥¼¬öÄÀ¸q¡]«ä°ª¸t¸g¾Ç·|¡A1985¡^ p.8.¤å¤¤­Y¤z¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¦Wµü©M½Ķ¡A¬°¤è«KŪªÌ¡A§ï¬°°ò·þ±ÐºD±`¦r¥y¡C

 

¶H¼x(Symbol)

§Q¥¼°Oªº«ß¨Ò¡A¤×¨ä¬OÄm²½·q«ôªºÂ§»ö¡A¦ü¥G°£¤F¼¯¦è®É¥N¥~¡A¥H«á¥@¥N³£¤£¯à§¹¥þ«ö«ßªk¤å¥y¥þ³¡¹ê¦æ¡A¦ý³o­ÓÀ³¥Îªº§xÃø«o¤£ÄÌÂZ¾ú¥Nªº«H®{¡C¦b¬ùÅ|¶°¥¿¨åªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A83¥ý½å²@µLµSºÃ¦a±N¥j¤[»·¡B¬Æ¦Ü¤@¨Ç¤w¸gÅܦ¨Á¼¹Îªº¦rÃã¡]¨Ò¦p´X­Ó·òºÆªº¦rµü¡Aªü¼»Âm°Çµ¥¡^©M¸g¤w§óÅܪºÂ§»ö¤Î²ßºD«O¦s¤U¨Ó¡C¬Æ¦Ü¦b¥D«á70¦~¤§«á¡A²Ä¤G­Ó¸t·µ³Qù°¨­x·´·À¡A¼¯¦èÄm²½«ß¨Ò©úÅã¤wµLªk¹ê¦æ¡A§Q¥¼°O¤´µM¬OµS¤Ó¤H·¥­«­nªº¸g¨å¡AµS¤Ó±Ð613±ø»|«ß¤¤ªº247±ø(Gen. Rabbah 3:5)¬O®Ú¾Ú§Q¥¼°O»s­q¡A84¦b¥L¦Õ¥Ø(Talmud)¤¤¤]¦³®t¤£¦h¦P¼Ëªº¦Ê¥÷¤ñ¨ú§÷§Q¥¼°O¥[¥Hµo´§¡C°£¦¹¥H¥~¡A«öµS¤Ó±Ðªº¶Ç²Î¡A¨àµ£¦b¾Ç®Õ¾Ç²ßªº²Ä¤@¨÷®Ñ´N¬O§Q¥¼°O(Lev. Rabbah 7:3)¡C¤j¬ù¦b¥D«á²Ä¤G¥@¬ö¶}©l¡AµS¤Ó±Ðªº±Ð®v85(Tannaim)´NºÙ§Q¥¼°O¬°¨º¤@¥»®Ñ\cs16(Sifra)¡A¦Ü©ó¥Á¼Æ°O¤Î¥Ó©R°O¥uºÙ¨ä¥Lªº®Ñ(Sifrei)¡C86

 

¨ä¹ê²Ä¤G¸t·µ³Q·´¤§«e¡AµS¤Ó«H®{¤w±j½Õ§Q¥¼°OªºÀ³¥Î¡A«D«ö¤å¥y¡A¦Ó¥¿¦p«Où©Ò»¡¡A¥²¶·«öºë·N¡A§»öÅã¥Ü¤ßÆF¹Òªp¤Î¤H»P¯«ªº«H¥õÃö«Y¡C®t¤£¦h»P­C¿q¦P®ÉªºÔÚù(Philo)¡A87´N¬O¥H¶H¼x¸Ñ§Q¥¼°O©v±Ð§»öªºªíªíªÌ¡A¨Ò¦p½×¤ÎÄm²½ªº¬¹¯b¡A¥L«ü¥X¥u¦³®a¯b³Ì¬X¶¶ªº³¶³¾¤~¦X¥G¼Ð·Ç¡A¨Ã¥B¥²¶·¬O¨S¦³·å²«¡A³o¨Ç±ø¥ó¶H¼xÄm²½ªÌ¥²¶·¨­¤ß°·¥þ¡A¬O¯«®aùتº¤H¡A¨Ã¥B¤ß¦s¶¶ªA¤~±o»X®®¯Ç¡F88µS¤Ó¤H¥²¶·²b¤Æ±¡ºü©M²æ°£´c²ß¡A¿Ëªñ²½¾Â¤~¦³·N¸q¡A89¦Ó´c¤H§Y¨Ï«ö¨¬Â§»öÄm¤W¤d¦Ê²½ª«¡A¤´¬°¯«©Ò©Ú¡C90¤Î¦Ü¸t·µ³Q·´¡A·q«ô§»ö·íµMµLªk«ö§Q¥¼°O±ø¤å¿í¦u¡A¶H¼x´N¦¨¤F¥D­nªº¸ÑÄÀ³~®|¡Aºë¬ã«ßªk(Torah)´N¬OÄm²½ªº·N¸q¡A91¨Ò¦p©Ô¤ñ±j½Õ²½ªÁ³W±øÅã¥Ü¯«»P¨ü­¢®`ªÌ¦P¦b¡A¤û³Q·à¤l°l±þ¡A¤s¦Ï³Q°\°l¡A¦Ï«o¬O¯TÂyª«¡A©Ò¥H¯«§h©J¡G¡u¤£¥iÄm¤W°l±þ¤Hªº¡A¥u¥iÄm¤W³QÀ£­¢ªº¡C¡v92³¶³¾³s¦Ð¤ò¤@¦PÄm¤W¡A¶H¼x½a¤H¤£³QÂƵø¡A©Ò¥H¥Lªº²½«~©ñ¦b¾Â«e¡A¬O¥Rº¡¬üÄRªº¦â±m¡F93ÆQ¬O¯À²½¤£¥i¯Ê¤Ö¤§ª«¡Aªí¥Ü¨ü­Wªº¹D¼w·N¸q¡A¯à¼ä²b¤H©M¨Ï¸o±o³j¡C94

 

¤¤°ê«H®{«ö¬ù©w¸q¡A¬O¥~¨¹¤H¡A¨S¦³µS¤Ó¤H¦å²Î¡A¦ÛµM¤£¥²Ä~©ÓµS¤Ó¶Ç²Î¡Aªp¥B³B¨­·s¬ù®É¥N¡A·íµM¤£·|«ö§Q¥¼°OªºÂ§»ö±ø¤å§@¬°·q«ô¼Ò¦¡¡CÁöµM§Æ§B¨Ó¸t¸g¨Ã¨S¦³¶H¼x©Îªí°O³o¦Wµü¡A95°qÄ_ÆF(F.E.Gaebelein)«ü¥X¡A¶H¼x/ªí°O¦b¬ù©M·s¬ùùس£¦³­«­n¦ì¸m¡A§Æ§B¨Ó¤åªº°O¸¹¡]twoOa ~o^th¨Ò¦p³Ð¤@14¡A¤E13¡^¡A©_¨Æ¡] tPewOm mo^pe{th¨Ò¦pÒ­¤G30¡^¹ê¦b¬Oªí¼xªº·N«ä¡A·s¬ùªº¯«ÂÝ¡]shmeion  se{meion¡^°ò¥»´N¬O°O¸¹¤§·N¡A¥]¬A¶H¼x/ªí°Oªº§t·N¡C96©Ò¥H°ò·þ±Ðªº¸t¸g¾ÇªÌ¦b¸ÑÄÀ§Q¥¼°O©v±Ð§»öªº¸g¤å¡A¤Ö¤£§K¹B¥Î¶H¼xªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¦Ó¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¼¯¦è±Ò¥Ü¦³Ãö·q«ôªº¦rµü¡A´N¦p·|¹õ°£¤F¬O±b¹õ¡]lh,ao  ~o{hel¡^¥~¡A§óºÙ¬°©~©Ò¡] @K;v]mi Mishka{n¡^¡A¥Î·í®É¤H±`¥Îªº©~¦í¤è¦¡¡A¶H¼x¯«ªº¦P¦b¡A©Ò¥H¸t·µ¤SºÙ¬°­C©MµØªº®a( hzhy tyBe be^th-yahweh)¡A¶³¬Wªº¥h¯d¤D¯««ü¤Þªºªí°Oµ¥¡A97¥i¨£¬ã¨s§Q¥¼°Oªº¤@­Ó¤èªk¡A´N¬O«ä·Q·q«ôµ{§Ç©Îª««~©Òªí¹Fªº¶H¼x§t·N¡C98

 

83 R.K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament, pp.260-288; W.S. La Sor, Old Testament Survey(Eerdmans, 1982) pp.17-25; B.S. Childs, Introduction to the Old Testament As Scripture(Fortress, 1982) pp.27-83; E.J. Young, "The Canon of the Old Testament", in C.F. H Henry ed., Revelation and the Bible(Baker, 1958), pp.153-185; P.R. Ackroyd, "Original Text and Canonical Text", Union Seminary Quarterly Review 32(1977): 166-172; R.C. Newman, "The Council of Jamnia and the Old Testament Canon", WTJ38(1975): 319-349; ¦ã°ò·s¡A¬ù·§½×¡App.75-97.

84 Milgrom, "Book of Leviticus", p.138. 613±ø»|©R¤º¤å¤Î¸g¤å°ÑA.H. Rabi. nowitz, "The 613 Comments" Encycl. Jud. 5: 760-783.

85 Tannaim¬O¥D«á20¦Ü200¦~®É´Á­t³d¼¶¼gµù¸ÑµS¤Ó¶Ç²ÎMishnahªº¾ÇªÌ¡C°ÑD. Sperber, "Tannaim", Encycl. Jud. 15: 798-803.

86 ¦Pµù84.

87 ¦³Ãö´´Ã¹ªº«ä·Q¡A°Ñ¾\¸g¨å¤§§@J.Drummond Philo Judaeus, 2 vols.(London: Williams & Norgate, 1888)©MH.A. Wolfson, Philo 2 vols(Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1947). ¸û²³æ«o¥i¾aªºÁ`½×¦³S.G. Sowers, The Hermeneutics of Philo and Hebrews, (Richmond: John Knox, 1965)

88 Specialibus Legibus: 112-256.

89 166-167, 257.

90 271.

91 cf. Lev. Rabbah 7; °ÑChilds, Introduction to OT As Scripture pp.187-188

92 Lev. Rabbah. 27:5.

93 Lev. RAbbah. 3: 5.

94 Ber. 5a.

95 ­^¤åsymbol·½¦Û§Æþ¤åsunbolon ¡A³o¦r¨S¦³¦b·s¬ù¥X²{¡C

96 E.F. Gaebelein, "Symbolism, Symbol", ZPEB V: 551.

97 Milton S. Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics, (1880, Zondervan, reprinted 1974) pp.359-368µ¹¤©·|¹õ©M¨äª««~ºë±mªº¶H¼x¸ÑÄÀ¡C

98 ¶H¼xªº¸ÑÄÀªk½Ð°Ñ¾\Terry, ibid, pp.347-368; Berkeley Mickelsen, Interpreting The Bible pp.265-279; Äõ©i¡A°ò·þ±ÐÄÀ¸g¾Ç¡App.214-220.

 

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ÁöµM¬ù¨S¦³©ú½Tªº»¡©ú¡A§»ö¨ã¦³¹wªíªº·N¸q¡A¦ý´N¦p¥ô¦ó¬ù¤Hª«¡B¨Æ±¡ªº¹wªí¡A¥H¦â¦C¤H¦b¯«ªº±Ò¥Ü¤¤»â®©¡A¤@¨Ç¦b¯««ü©w±N¨Óªº®É¶¡¤~¹üÅ㪺±Ð°V¡C¦]¬°·s¬ù²M·¡´£¨ì¬ù§»öªº¹wªí©Ê¡A©Ò¥H¥i¥H¬Û«H¼¯¦è©M¬ù«H®{¡A§Y¨Ï¼ÒÝí¤£²M¡AÁ`·|»{ÃÑ¥L­ÌÁ|¦æªºÂ§»ö¤D¬O¹wªí¡C

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µy«á§@ªÌÁ`µ²·s·q«ô»¡¡G¡u·Óú¦¤Ñ¤W¼Ë¦¡( uJpodeigma hupodeigma)§@ªºª«¥ó¡A¥²¶·¥Î³o¨Ç²½ª«¥h¼ä²b¡C¦ý¨º¤Ñ¤Wªº¥»ª«¡A¦ÛµM·í¥Î§ó¬ü²½ª«¥h¼ä²b¡A¦]¬°°ò·þ¨Ã¤£¬O¶i¤F¤H¤â©Ò³yªº¸t©Ò¡C¡]³o¤£¹L¬O¯u¸t©Òªº¼v¹³¡^¤D¬O¶i¤F¤Ñ°ó¡C¦p¤µ¬°§Ú­ÌÅã¦b¯«­±«e¡C¡v¡]¤E23-24¡^¼v¹³ªº§Æþ¤å¬O ajntitupo" antitupos­^¤å³q±`­µÄ¶¬°anti-type¡A·N«ä¬O¤ÏÀ»¡B¦^­µ¡B¤Ï®g¡B¼Ò»sª«¡B¹ïºÙª«¡A112´N¬O¼¯¦è¦b¤s¤W©Ò¨£ªº¼Ë¦¡¡]¤K5¡^¡C¼v¹³»P¼Ë¦¡À³¸Ó¬O¦P¸qµü¡A»¡©ú¸t©Ò¬O¤Ñ¤W¯u·|¹õªº¼Ò«¬¡C¸òú¦¡A§@ªÌ¤S»¡¡G¡u«ßªk¬J¬O±N¨Ó¬ü¨Æªº¼v¨à¡A¤£¬O¥»ª«ªº¯u¹³¡AÁ`¤£¯àÂÇú¦¨C¦~±`Äm¤@¼Ëªº²½ª«¡A¥s¨ºªñ«e¨Óªº¤H±o¥H§¹¥þ¡C¡v¡]¤Q1¡^¼v¨à( skia skia)»P¯u¹³¡] eivkwn eiko{n¡^ªº¤ñ¸û¡A´N¦pµe®aªº¯ó¹Ï½ü¹ø¤ñ¸ûµe¦n¤Fªºµe¹³¡C«ßªk¡A¥]¬A·q«ô§»ö¬O¯«±Ï®¦ªº¯ó¹Ï¡A¦Ó­C¿q°ò·þ¹D¦¨¦×¨­¡A§¹¦¨¤F¯«±Ï®¦ªºµe¹³¡A±N¤H¤£¯à¨£ªº¯«ºaÄ£¬¡²{¥X¨Ó¡]¬ù¤@18¡^¡C³z¹L§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñ§@ªÌ²`¨èªºÄÄÄÀ¡A¬ù·q«ô§»öªº¹wªí©Ê©úÅã¥i¨£¡C¤U¹Ï©Î³\¥i§U±N¤W­z§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñ©Ò´£¤Î¡A·|¹õ¤Î§»öªº¹wªíÆ[©À¤¶²Ð¡G

 

99 ·s¬ù§Æþ¤å¦³¨â­Ó¦r½Ķ¬°¯u ajlhqh ¬Oµê°²ªº¬Û¤Ï  ajlhqino" «h¬O¯Â¯u¡A¬O»P¦³·å²«ªº¤ñ¸û¡A°ÑTrench, Synonyms of the New Testament, pp.26-30; cf Bultmann "  avlhqinov" ", TDNT I: 249-250; F.F. Bruce, The Epistle To The Hebrews, p.163.

100 ·sĶ¥»¡B²{¥N¤¤¤åĶ¥»¡G°Æ¥»¡F§f®¶¤¤¡G¥é¥»¡F¿½ÀR¤s¡G¹Ï¹³¡F«ä°ª¡G¼Ò«¬¡C³o´X­Ó§Æþ¦r©M¦X¥»¦U¦³´X­Ó¤£¦PªºÂ½Ä¶¡A½Ð°Ñ³¯²×¹D«ç¼Ë¬ãŪ¸t¸g¡]¤¤«H¡A1980¡^ pp.184-185.

101 Äõ©i¡A¸t¸g¸ÑÄÀ¾Ç¡]´_¿³¹Î«´¥Xª©³¡¡A1959¡^ p.183.

102 ¨Ò¦p´^¤Ú¹yµÛ¶Àº~´ËĶ¬ù¯«¾Ç¡]ºØ¬ó¡A1987¡^ p.451¡A¬ùªº¹w¨¥¤@¯ë¥i¤À¬°¨âÃþ¡A»¡¸Üªº¤Î¦æ°Êªº¡C¦æ°Êªº¹w¨¥¤S¤À¹êª«ªº±Ð§÷»P¹wªí¡C¹êª«±Ð§÷¬O¨Æ¥ó¦Û©ú¡]©Î©ö©ú¡^ªº¹w¨¥¡A¨äÀ³Åç¥ç¬Û¶Z¤£»·¡F¹wªí«h»P¯«¦b¸û»·¤§±N¨Ó¤~¦¨´Nªº±Ï®¦¦³Ãö¡C

103 °ò·þ±ÐÄÀ¸g¾Ç¡Ap.212.

104 Old Testament Prophecy, p.210.

105 Webster Dictionary¨Ñµ¹ªº¸ÑÄÀ¬O: "The mark, or impression of something; a distinctive, stamp, sign, emblem; a figure or representation of something to come; a token, sign, symbols. The general character, form, or structure common to a number of individuals and distinguishing them as a class, group or kind; '±ç¹ê¬î¥D½s³Ì·s¹ê¥Î­^º~Ãã¨å¡]»·ªF¹Ï®Ñ¤½¥q¡A1968¡^ p.2215ªºÂ½Ä¶¬O¡G«¬¡B«¬¦¡¡B¼Ë¦¡¡BÃþ«¬¡B¨å«¬¡B¼Ò½d¡Bªí²v¡B¥Nªíª«¡B¼Ð¥»¡C

106 °ÑGoppelt, " tupo" " TDNT VIII: 246-259; H. Mu/ller, "Type, Pattern", DNTT 3: 903-907.

107 ¾ã¥»Â¬ù¤C¤Q¤hĶ¥»¥u¥Î¨â¦¸tupo" ¡A¥t¤@³B¬O¼¯¤­26ªº°¸¹³¡A¥i¨£¦­´ÁµS¤Ó¤H¤ß¤¤¡Atupo" ¨Ã¨S¦³¹w¨¥ªº§t·N¡C

108 §f®¶¤¤Ä¶¥»¡C³o§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¬O«ü«Ø¿vª«©ÎÀJ¨è¡C

109 ¤júÒÄw¹º¿³«Ø¸t·µ®É»¡¡G¡u³o¤@¤Á¤u§@ªº¼Ë¦¡¡]  tynIk}Te §Y¼¯¦è©Ò¨£ªº«ü¥Ü¡^¡A³£¬O­C©MµØ¥Î¤â¹º¥X¨Ó¡A¨Ï§Ú©ú¥Õªº¡C¡v¡]¥N¤W¤Ü¤K19¡^¡A¥i¨£¼Ë¦¡¬O¤@¥ó¹êª«¡A¥i¨Ñ°ÑÆ[¡C

110 Hauch, "  parabolh  ", TDNT V: 744-761; C.H. Peisker & C. Brown, "Parable, Allegory, Proverb", DNTT 2: 743-756.

111 ®¶¿³ªº§Æþ¤å diorvqw" diorthosis·N«ä­×ª½¡B­«¾ã¡B·s¨î«×¡F·sĶ¥»¡G§ó·s¡F§d²×ºµ¡G­²·s¡C

112 °Ñµù106.

 

¸ÑÄÀ¹wªí

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²Ä¤GÂI¸ÑÄÀ¹wªíÀ³ª`·Nªº¨Æ¶µ¡A´N¬O°£¤F¬ù¹wªí¾ú¥v¥­­±©Ê(horizontal)«ü¦V·s¬ùÀ³Å窺¹êÅé¥~¡A¤]¤£¥i©¿²¤««ª½½u(vertical)±N¤Ñ¤WÄÝÆFªº¯uÅéªí¹ü¡C¥¿¦p»\¥H¥Í(Walter C. Kaiser, Jr)ªº·N¨£¡G

·s¬ù¦³¤­¬q¸g¤å¡A¯àÅã¥Ü¸t¸g¹B¥Î¹wªíµ²ºc( tupo" structure)ªº·N¸q¡C´N¬OªL«e¤Q1-13¡Aù¤­12-21¡A©¼«e¤T18-21¡A¨Ó¤K5©M¤E24¡C

¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A«e¤T¬q¡]ªL«e¤Q¡Fù¤­©M©¼«e¤T¡^¥i¦C¬°¥­­±(horizontal)©Î¦a¤W¾ú¥v©Ê(earthly-historical)¹wªíµ²ºc¡C§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñªº¨â¬q¸g¤å«o¥iºÙ¬°««ª½¡]vertical¡A¦a¤W¢w¢w¤Ñ¤W¡eearth-heaven¡f¡^ªº¹wªíµ²ºc¡C115³o¨âºØµ²ºcªº¤À§O¤£¤Ó¨üª`·N¡A¦]¬°¦h¼Æ¸t¸g¹wªíªº¬ã¨s³£¶°¤¤°Q½×¥­­±¾ú¥v©Êªº¹wªí¡A¦Ó©¿²¤««ª½½uªº¹wªí¨Ò¤l¡C116

¤W¹Ï¥i¥H§â¹wªí««ª½½u¡]¦a¤W¢w¢w¤Ñ¤W¡^ªº¯«¾Ç·N¸qÅã¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡C¬ù·|¹õ¤Î§»ö(A)¥­­±¾ú¥v©Ê¦a¹wªí·s¬ùªº¨â¼Ë¨Æª«¡G(l)A¬O¼v¨à¡] skia skia¤Q1¡^¡A¹wªíB¡A­C¿q°ò·þ¹D¦¨¦×¨­©Ò¦¨´N±Ï®¦ªº¯u¹³¡] ejikona eikona¤Q1¡^¡F(2)A¬Oªí¼Ë¡] parabulh parabule{ ¤E9¡^¡A¦¨¬°E²{¤µ·q«ôªº¼Ò¼Ë¡C

¦Ü©ó««ª½½uªº¹wªí¡AA¬O¡u¤Ñ¤W¨Æªº§Îª¬©M¼v¹³¡v¡]¤K5¡^¡A¶H¼x¼¯¦è¦b¤s¤W©Ò±oªº«ü¥Ü(C)¡A¦ý«o«D³æ¯Âªº¶H¼x¡A¦]¬°¼¯¦è©Ò¨£ªº¨Ã«D¯u¹³¥»Åé¡AC¤D¬O¼Ë¦¡¡] tupo" tupos¤K5¡F upupodeigma hupodeigma¤E23¡^¡A¤]¬O¼v¹³( ajntitupo" antitupos)¹wªíD¡A¡u¤Ñ¤Wªº¥»ª«¡v¡A¡u¤Ñ°ó¡v¡]¤E23¡B24¡^ªº¡u¯u±b¹õ¡v¡]¤K2¡A¤E24¡^¡A¦Ó³o¯u±b¹õ¤£¿ù¤w¦bB¡u¥½¥@Åã²{¤@¦¸¡v¡]¤E26¡^¡AÂÇú¦­C¿q¡u¹D¦¨¤F¦×¨­¦í¡]­ì¤å·N«ä¤ä·f±b¹õ¡^¦b§Ú­Ì¤¤¶¡¡v¡]¬ù¤@14¡^¡A¦ý¤Ñ¤W¯u±b¹õ±N§¹¥þÀ³Åç¦b¦a¤W¡A¡u¦V¨ºµ¥­ÔÍ¢ªº¤H²Ä¤G¦¸Åã²{¡v¡]¤E28¡^¡A¨º®É¡u¬Ý­þ¡A¯«ªº±b¹õ¦b¤H¶¡¡AÍ¢­n»P¤H¦P¦í¡A¥L­Ì­n§@Í¢ªº¤l¥Á¡A¯«­n¿Ë¦Û»P¥L­Ì¦P¦b¡A§@¥L­Ìªº¯«¡C¡v§Y¹Ï¤¤ªºF¡C

¥Ñ¦¹¬Ý¨Ó¡A¬ù·|¹õ¤Î§»ö¡A¤£³æ¬O¾ú¥v©Êªº¹wªí¡A¦b°ò·þ¤Î±Ð·|·q«ô¤¤À³Åç¡A¦P®É¤]¬O¤Ñ¤Wªº¹wªí¡A¬O¦b¥D¦A¨Ó«e¶W¶V®ÉªÅªºÄÝÆF­ì«h¡A¬O¯«­p¹º¤Þ¾É«H®{¦¨´NÍ¢°ê«×ªº¦®·N¡C©Ò¥H¬ãŪ§Q¥¼°Oªº¹wªí¡A°£¤F´M¯Á·s¬ù¦p¦ó»¡©ú¦b°ò·þ¥Í¥­©M·s¬ù±Ð·|¤¤À³Åç¡A§ó±o»{Ãѯ«³z¹L¬ù§¸q¡A±Ò¥Ü¤@¨Ç¬Æ»ò¥ÃùÚªº¯u²z­ì«h¡A¦¨¬°²{¥N«H®{´M¨D¯«ªº«ü¤Þ¡C¨f®³À±(John W. Drane)ªºµû»y¥i§@¬°³o­Ó¹wªí­«ÂIªºÁ`µ²¡G

§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¹ïªñ¥N°Q½×³oÃD¥Øªº±¡ªpªí¥Ü¤@¨Ç¤£º¡·N¡C©Ò¿×ªºÂ¬ù¡u¹wªí¡v¡A°ò¥»¨Ã«D«ü¾ú¥v¨Æ±¡®Ú¾Ú¤@­Ó¤w©w«¬ªº¸`«µ¥[¥H¤ñ¸û¡A¦]¬°¥ýª¾´y­zÀ³³\»PÀ³Å窺¤ñ¸û¡A¨Ã«D¬°§Ú­ÌµùÄÀ¾ú¥v¡A¦Ó¬O«ÅÁ¿¯«¦Û¤vªº©Ê®æ¡C¹ï¾ú¥v¨Ã¤£¦s§t¯«¯µ¦â±mªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C¬Û¤Ï¦a¡A¥¿¦p¥vµÞµn(J.D. Smart)ªº½×ÂI¡G¡y¥ýª¾ª¾¹D¯«±N­n¬I¦æªº§@¬°¡A¦]¬°¥L»{Ãѯ«¬O«ç¼Ëªº¡K¡K¥u«öú¦¯«±q°_ªì´NÀÀ©w¤@¤Á¨Æ±¡¤§¾ã½L­p¹º¨Ó¹w¨¥©MÀ³Å窺Æ[©À¡A§¹¥þ¹H¤Ï¤F¥ýª¾º¡¦³°Ê¤Oªº«H©À¡G¾ú¥v¤D³s¦êªº¾D¹J¡A¤£Â_­n¨D¤H¦b¥Í©R©Î¦º¤`ªº¨â±ø¥i¯à¹D¸ô¤¤¿ï¾Ü¥h¦V¡C¡z117·s¬ù¤]®Ú¾Ú¦P¼Ë¸ô½u¥Î¬ù¡CµM¦Ó¥[ªG§Ú­ÌºÙ©I³oºØ­«·sµùÄÀ¬°¹wªí¡A§Ú­Ì¹ê¦b¶}©l­«·s¬É©w³o¦rÃã¡A¦]¬°¤j¦h¤H¥H¬°¹wªí¬OÃþ¦ü´J·N(quasiallegorical)¸ÑÄÀªk¡A®v©Ó¦­´Á±Ð¤÷¤Î¥L­Ìªºªù¥Íªº¤è¦¡¡C118

®Ú¾Ú¤W­zªº¨â¶µ­nÂI¡A¥»®ÑµùÄÀ³¡¥÷¹Á¸Õ¦b§Q¥¼°Oªº¸g¤å¤¤¡A¯S§O¬O¹wªí¡A°£¤F¤å·NÁ¿½×¡AÁÙª`·N¶H¼x¤Î¹wªíªº·N¸q¡A¥ø±æ¯à¹F¨ì¬f¦ó¤Ò(Berkhof)©Ò´£ÂIªºÄÀ¸g¥­¿Å¡G

¬ùªº¹wªí¡A¦P®É¬O¶H¼x©M¹wªí¡F¦]¬°¥¦­Ì¥»¨Ó³£¬Oªí¥ÜÄÝÆF¯u²zªº¶H¼x¡C³o¨Ç¶H¼x¬°¦P®É¥Nªº¤H©Òªí²{ªº¯u²z¡A»P¥¦­Ì©Ò¹wªíªºªF¦è¡A¹ê¦b¤@¼Ë¡AÁöµM¨º¯u²z¦b±N¨Ó¹ê²{¤§®É¡A·|´£°ª¤ô·Ç¡C©Ò¥H¡A¤F¸Ñ¤@­Ó¹wªíªº¾A·í¿ìªk¡A¦b©ó³z¹L¹ï©ó¶H¼xªº¬ã¨s¤~¦æ¡C­º¥ý­n¸Ñ¨Mªº°ÝÃD¡A¬O¬ùªº¶H¼x¶ÇÖí¥H¦â¦C¤Hªº¹D¼w©ÎÆF©Ê¥H¬Æ»ò¯u²z¡C±©¿W¦b³o­Ó°ÝÃD¦³¤Fº¡·NªºµªÂÐ¥H«á¡A¸Ñ¸gªÌ¤~¥i¥H¶i¤@¨B¥h°l¨s³o¯u²z¬O¦p¦ó¦b·s¬ùªº°ª¤@¯Å¤ô·Ç¤W¹ê²{ªº¡C³o¼Ë¡A¸ÑÄÀ¹wªíªº¾A·í­­«×¡A¥ß¨è´N¥i¥H½T©w¤F¡C­Y±N³oºØ¶iµ{­ËÂà¹L¨Ó¦Ó±q·s¬ùªº¹ê²{¥h¶}©l¡A¥²·|¾É­PºØºØ«j±j©M©Ç½Ïªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦³¨Ç¸Ñ¸gªÌ»{¬°»É³D¬O¤@ºØ½âª÷Äݳyªº¡A³o´N¹wªí°ò·þ¥~»ª¤Wªº¨õ·L¡F¥¦¬O©TÅé¡A³o¬O¶H¼xÍ¢¦³¯«ªº¤O¶q¡F¥¦¨S¦³¬Æ»ò¥ú¿A¡A³o¤S¹wªíÍ¢¨ü¨ì¤H©Ê¤è­±ªº¾B½ª¡K¡K¹wªí»P¥»Å餧¶¡¡A¦³®Ú¥»ªº¤£¦P¡A³o¬O¥²¶·ª`·Nªº¤@¥ó¨Æ¡C¨ä¤@©Ò¥Nªíªº¯u²z¡A¦b¸û§Cªº¶¥¬q¤W¡A¥t¤@©Ò¥Nªíªº¯u²z¡A«h¦b¸û°ªªº¤ô¥­¤W¡C¥Ñ¹wªí¹L¨ì¥»Å騺ùØ¥h¡A¤D¬O±q­«µø¦×Å骺¶¥¬q¡A¤É¨ì¯Â¥þÄÝÆFªº¶¥¬q¡A±q¥~ªí¶i¤J¤ºùØ¡A±q²{¦b¹L¨ì±N¨Ó¡A±qÄݦaªºÂà¨ìÄݤѪº©Ò¦b¥h¡Cù°¨¤Ñ¥D±Ð¥H¬ùÄm²½ªº¥»Åé¦b©óÀ±¼»¡A¥H²½¥q¨î«×ªº¥»Åé¦b©ó¯«¨j©M¥D±Ð­Ìªº¨Ï®{²Îºü¡A¤S¥H¤j²½¥qªº¥»Åé¦b©ó±Ð¬Ó¡A´N§â¤W­zªº¯u²z¡A§¹¥þ©¿µø¤F¡C119

 

113 F. Fouke, The Acts of God, (London: Tyndale, 1958) p.35; ¹wªíªº¾ú¥v©Ê¬O¤j¦h¼ÆÄÀ¸g¾ÇªÌ±j½Õªº¹wªí­n¯À¡F°ÑLeonhard Goppelt, TYPOS, (Eerdmans, 1982) pp.1-20; E.E. Ellis, "How The New Testament Uses The Old", in I.H. Marshall ed., New Testament Interpretation, (Eerdmans, 1977) pp.210-212; Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., "The Uses of The Old Testament", in the New, (Moody, 1985) pp.103-121; A.B. Mickelsen, Interpreting The Bible, pp.236-246; Äõ©i¡A°ò·þ±ÐÄÀ¸g¾Ç¡App.203-214; G. von Rdd, "Typological Interpretation of The Old Testament", in Claus Westermann ed., Essays On OT Hermeneutics, (John Knox, 1963) pp.17-39; John W. Drane, "Typology", Evangelical Quarterly 50(1978): 195-210; John Goldingay, Approaches to Old Testament Interpretation, (IVP, 1981) pp.97-122 µ¥¡C

114 R.T. France, Jesus and The Old Testament, (IVP, 1971) pp.40-41.

115 Charles Hummel, "The Old Testament Basis of Typological Interpretation", Bible Research 9(1964): 19-20; Richard M. Davidson, Typology in Scripture: A Study of Hermeneutical Tupos Structure, (Berrin Springs, Mich.: (Andrews U., 1981) pp.99-100; 191.

116 Kaiser, The Use of The Old Testament in the New, (Moody, 1985) p.111.

117 J.D. Smart, The Interpretation of Scripture, (Westminister, 1961) p.104.

118 J.W. Drane, "Typology", p.206.

119 ¬f²ü¤Ò¡AÄÀ¸g¾Ç­ì²z¡]®û·|¡A1967¡^ pp.143-144.

 

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120 §Q¤@2¡A¥|2¡B13¡A¤C23¡B29¡B34¡B36¡B38¡A¤E1¡B3¡A¤Q6¡B11¡B14¡A¤Q¤@2¡A¤Q¤G2¡A¤Q¤­2¡B31¡A¤Q¤»5¡B16¡B17¡B19¡B21¡B34¡A¤Q¤C2¡B3¡B5¡B8¡B10¡B12¡B13¡B14¡A¤Q¤K2¡A¤Q¤E2¡A¤Ü2¡A¤Ü¤@24¡A¤Ü¤G2¡B3¡B15¡B18¡B32¡A¤Ü¤T2¡B10¡B24¡B34¡B42¡B43¡B44¡A¤Ü¥|2¡B8¡B10¡B15¡B23¡A¤Ü¤­2¡B33¡B46¡B55¡A¤Ü¤»\cs1546¡A¤Ü¤C2¡B34¡C

121 ¨Ò¦p¥D±Ð¹Î§»ö©e­û·|½sĶÀ±¼»¸g®ÑÁ`½×¡]¥x¥_¡G±Ð°È¨ó¶i·|¡A1982¡^; Max Thurian & Geoffrey Waimwright, Baptism and Eucharist: Ecumenical Convergence in Celebration, (World Council of Churches, 1983)

122 ³o§Æ§B¨Ó¤ådgn ·N«ä¬O«Å§i©Î©Ó»{¡A¦b«H¥õªº¤º®e¡A´N¬O»{«H¡A©À»w«H±ø¡C©Ò¥H³o¦r¤¤¤åªºÂ½Ä¶ÁÙ¦³¡u­z»¡¡v¡B¡uÀ³³\¡v¡B¡u¶Ç´­¡v¡B¡u«Å´­¡v¡B¡u³¯»¡¡v¡B¡uÁn©ú¡v¡B¡u©Ó»{¡vµ¥«Å§i«H¥õªº¦æ°Ê¡C

123 ¹L¥h¤@­Ó¥@¬ö¸Ö½g¬ã¨sªº¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó½ÒÃD¡A´N¬O¸Ö½gªº¡u§Ú¡v¬O­Ó¤H·P¨üªº§çµo¡A§í©Î¬O¡u¹ÎÅé¤@­P¡v(corporate solidarity)ªº¤½²³·q«ô¡Ccf. R.E. Clements, A Century of Old Testament Study, (Revised Edition)(Lutterworth Press, 1976) pp.100-103; H. Gunkel»{¬°¡u§Ú¡v¬O­Ó¤H¡A¦Ó¥Lªº¾Ç¥ÍE. Bella§ó¥[±N³oÆ[©Àµo´­¡A±j½Õ¸Ö½gµ´¤j³¡¥÷¬°¨p¤HÆF­×¡Ccf. Hermann Gunkel, The Psalms: A Form Critical Introduction, (Fortress, 1967) pp.15-17; E. Bella, Das Ich der Psalmen, (FRLANT, 16)Go/ttingen, 1912µM¦ÓGunkel¤]«ü¥X³\¦h¸Ö½g¤D¬°¹ÎÅé·q«ô¡C¹ï¡u§Ú¡vªº¬Ýªk¡AMowinckel«o¬O¬Û¤Ï¡A±j½Õ¸Ö½g°£¤F·¥¤Ö¼Æªº¨Ò¥~¡]¸Ö¤@¡A¤@¤@¤G¡A¤@¤G¤C¡^¡A¥]¬A©Ò¿×­Ó¤H«s¨D¸Ö¡A³£¬O¬°¸t·µÂ§»ö¦Ó½s¼g¡Ccf.Sigmund Mowinkel, The Psalms in Israel's Worship, vol. 1(Abingdon, 1962) pp.22ff. B.S. Childs, ¤]¦P·N¸Ö½gªº¡u§Ú¡v¹ê¦b¬O¹ÎÅ骺¥Nªí¡A§Y©Î¼g§@®ÉÃh¦³¤@ÂI¨p¤Hªº¸g¾ú©M·P¨ü¡A¼g¦¨©Î½s¤J¸Ö½g®É¡A²@µLºÃ°Ý¬O¦³ú¦¹ÎÅé·q«ôªº¥Øªº¡CB.S.CHilds, Introduction to The Old Testament as Scripture, pp.519-520. ¨Ò¦p²Ä¤T¤Q½g¤º¤åÁö¤@ª½³£¬O¡u§Ú¡v¡A¦ý¸ÖÃD©ú¨¥¤D¬°¡u¤júÒ¦bÄm·µ®É§@³o¸Öºq¡v¡A¤S¦³¤£¤Ö¸Ö½g¦n¹³²Ä¤Ü¤G½g¨º¼Ë¡A±q¡u§Ú¡v¶}©l¡AµM«á´NÂà¡u§A­Ì¡v¡B¡u§Ú­Ì¡v©Î¡u¥L­Ì¡v¡C

124 ­C¿q³Ì«á±ßÀ\ªº¬ã¨s¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\I. Howard Marshall, The Last Supper and Lord's Supper, Eerdman, 1980; Alfred Edersheim, The Temple: Its Ministry and Service As They Were At The Time of Jesus Christ, reprinted, (Eerdmans 1958), pp.208-248.

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