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1 Gardiner, "Leviticus", Lange Commentary, p.202.

2 Noth, Leviticus, p.203; Snaith, Leviticus and Numbers, p.174; Rolf Rendtorff, The Old Testament : An Introduction, (Fortress, 1986), p.146杭C

3 R.K. Harrison, Introduction to The Old Testament, p.598.

4 Childs, Introduction to the Old Testamet as Scripture, p.182; Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament, p.590.

5 Gardiner op. cit.; ¤B¨}¤~¡A§Q¥¼°OµùÄÀ¡AÁ`½×²Ä¥î­¶¡CNoordtzij, Leviticus, p.4; Keil, Pentateuch vol. 2, p.479; »C»²¥Á¡A§Q¥¼°OÁ¿¸q¡Ap. 3.

6 °¨¦³Ä¦¡A¬ù·§½×¡Ap.30

7 Hertz, Pentateuch and Haftorahs, p.547; Harrison, Leviticus, p.235; Áú©Ó¨}»{¬°¡u¬O¦Ø¤»¡X¤C³¹ªºªþ¿ý¡v¡A¦Ø¥¼¬öÄÀ¸q¡Ap.225.

8 Wenham, Leviticus, p.336; Hamilton, Handbook to the Pentateuch, p.308.

 

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10 Horsleyªº·N¨£¡A¤Þ¦ÛGardiner, "Leviticus", p.200, n.1.

11 I. Mendelsohn, Slavery in The Ancient Near East, (Oxford University Press, 1949) pp.117-118.

12 Ibid; ùÄõ¼w´I(de Vaux)¡A¥j¸g¤§­·«U¤Î¨å³¹¨î«×¡App.94-95.

 

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13 ¤B¨}¤~¡A§Q¥¼°OµùÄÀ¡Ap.208

14 de Vaux, Ancient Israel, p.168, "According to Lv 27: 16 the value of a field is calculated at fifty shekels for every h]omer of barley produced," ¥Ð¦a¨C¥X²£¤@¶P±öÒ­ªº¤j³Á¦ô»ù»Ý¥I¤­¤QªÙ«È°Ç¡A¦ý³o®Ñ¤¤¤åª©«o¿ù»~¦a½Ķ¬°»Ý­n¤@¡u²üÀqº¸¡v³ÁºØ¼½ºØªº¥Ð¦a¡A¦ô»ù¬°¤­¤Q»È¨ó¨è¦Õ¡]ùÄõ¼w´I¡A¥j¸g¤§­·«U¤Î¨å³¹¨î«×¡Ap.223.¡^

15 R.P. Maloney, CBQ 36, (1974): 4-5.

 

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19 °ÑJ.J. Davis, Paradise to Prison, (Baker, 1975), p.217; C. Westermann, Genesis 12-36(Augsburg, 1985) pp.357-358.

20 G.L. Archer, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties, (Zondervan 1982), p.96.

21 °Ñµù19¡B20.

22 J.J. Davis, Conquest and Crisis, (Baker, 1969), pp.124-128; ¦ÓC.J. Goslinga, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, (Zondervan, 1986) pp.391-396¦³«D±`«ÈÆ[©M¸Ô²Óªº°Q½×¡C

 

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23 M. Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, (1898) p.668.

24 ùÄõ¼w´I¡A¥j¸g¤§­·«U¤Î¨å³¹¨î«×¡Ap.183.

 

2.¤Q¤À¤@ªº¥Øªº©M¼Æ¥Ø

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°£¤F¨C¦~Äm¤W¤Q¤À¤§¤G¡A¨ä¤¤¤Q¤À¤§¤@¬°§Q¥¼¤H¡A¤Q¤À¤§¤@¬°¦u¸`¤§¥Î¥H¥~¡A§A­Ì­n¦b²Ä¤T¦~­nÄm¤W²Ä¤T­Ó¤Q¤À¤§¤@µ¹³h½a¤H©M©t¨à¹è°ü¡CªG¤l¤]¬O­n¤@¼Ë¤À°t¡A§âªì¼ôªº®³¨ì¸t·µ¡AÆg¬ü¯«½ç¤U¤g¦a¬°·~¡AÄm¤F²½¡A¨D¯«½çºÖ³o¦a¤g¤§«á¡A«K±NªG¤lÄmµ¹²½¥q¡C¤H­Y¿ì§¹¤F³o¨Ç¨Æ¡A¤]Äm¤W¤F¤Q¤À¤§¤@¡A¥L¦^®a¤§«e¡A­n¯¸¦b¸t©Ò¦V¯«·P®¦¡A¦]¬°¯«±Ï§A­Ì¥X®J¤Î©M½ç¦n¤g¦a¨Ï§A­Ì¥i¥H¨É¨ü¨ä¤¤ªºªG¤l¡C§A­Ì­n¤½¶}ªí¥Ü¥L¤wÄm¤W¤Q¤À¤§¤@©M¨ä¥L²½ª«¡A¨Ã¨D¯«¥Ã»·¥H·O·R®¦´f«Ý¥L©M¤@¤Á§Æ§B¨Ó¤H¡A¤£³æ¥u«O¦s¥L²{¦b¦³ªº¡A§ó­n¦h¦h¥[µ¹§A­Ì¡C

ªñ¥N¾ÇªÌ¥]®æ¯Ç(Joseph M. Baumgarter)»{¬°¤Q¤À¤@  rc'[]m' ma`sar®Ú¥»¤£¬O¤@­Ó¦Ê¤À¤ñªº¼Æ¥Ø¡A¦Ó¬OÁ|²½ªº¤@­Ó¦WºÙ¡A28¥Á¤Q¤K24»¡¤Q¤À¤@´N¬OÄmµ¹­C©MµØ¬°Á|²½ªº¡A¥N¤U¤Ê¤@12¨Ñª«©M¤Q¤À¨ú¤@¤§ª«°Ñ·Ó¦P³¹²Ä5¡B6¸`¡A¥u´£¤Q¤À¤§¤@¡A¥i¨£§Æ§B¨Ó¤å©M w] w#  ¬O¸ÑÄÀªººó¨t¦r(copulative explicativum)¡A29»¡©ú¥»¸`ªº¨Ñª«¤D«ü¤Q¤À¤@¡C¤C¤Q¤hĶ¥»¤]±N¤Q¤À¤@§@Äm²½ªººÙ©I¡A¼»¤W¤@21§Æþ¤åªºÄ¶¤å¦b¦V­C©MµØÄm¦~²½¨ÃÁÙ©Ò³\ªºÄ@¤§«á¥[¤W§Y¡] kai ©Î§@©M30¡^¥L©Ò¦³¤g²£ªº¤Q¤À¤@¡C©Ò¥Hº¿©Ô°ò®Ñ¤T8±N¤Q¤À¤@©MÁ|²½¡]©M¦X¥»·íÄmªº¨Ñª«ªº§Æ§B¨Ó¤å hm;Wrt] t#ru^ma{h ¡A¤¤¤å³q±`½Ķ¬°Á|²½¡^¨Ã¦C¡A¦Ó©M w] ¤]¥i¯à¦P¼Ë¬O¸ÑÄÀªººó¦r¡A»¡©ú¤Q¤À¤@§YÁ|²½ªº¥t¤@¦WºÙ¡CPhilo31©M¬ù·æ¤Ò32¤Ï¬M³o¹ê¦b¬OµS¤Ó¶Ç²Îªº·N¨£¡C

¦Ü©ó¼Æ¥Ø¤è­±¡A¾H©s®í(M.A. Dandamajew)¸Ô²Ó±N¤Q¤À¤@¤Ú¤ñ­Û¤åÄm¬Ûµ¥ªºµ|®½ es%ru/es%re{tu ¤ñ¸û¡A«ü¥X³o¦Wµü¬O¤@­Óµ|¶µªº¦WºÙ¡A¼x¦¬¶W¹L¦Ê¤À¤§¤Qªº¼Æ¥Ø¡A33¨F³Ò®³(E. Salonen)¶i¤@¨B¸É¥RĬÀq(Sumerian)ªº¸ê®Æ¡A±j½Õ©Ò¿×¤Q¤À¤@ªº¼Æ¥Ø¤D«ö¶¥¯Å°ª§C¦Óú¥I¤£¦Pªº¼Æ¥Ø¡A34©Ò¥H»C­p¸U(H. Jagersma)»{¬°Â¬ùªº¤Q¤À¤@¤]¬O¬Û¦Pªº±¡ªp¡A¼»¤W¤K11-17ªº¤Q¤À¤@¬O¼x­«µ|ªº·N«ä¡A¼Æ¥Ø¥²©w¶W¹L¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¡C35

 

25 J. Ridderbos, Deuteronomy, (Zondervan, 1984), p.180; P.C. Craigie, The Book of Deuteronomy, p.232.

26 ­ð¦ö¤§¡A¿¬µ¾¡]¥Ó©R°O¬ãŪ¡^¡]ÃÒ¹D¡A1983¡^, p.69.

27 ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò­ð¦ö¤§¡A·R»P³d¡]°ò¹D¡A1982¡^, pp.79-80.

28 Joseph M. Baumgarter, "On The Non-Literal Use of ?? MA'AS*ER/DE- ?? KATE", JBL 103(1984): 245-261.

29 GK ¡±154 a note(b).

30 §Æþ¤å ?? kai  ¥i¥H¦³ú¦§Æ§B¨Ó¤åw] waw¸ÑÄÀªººó¨t¦rexplanatoryªº¬Û¦P¥\¥Î¡F°Ñ·s¬ù§Æþ¤å¤¤¤åµü¨å¡Ap.311¡]¤E¡^.

31 De Virtutibus 95; De Specialibus 1. 156; ­^¤å½Ķ¥i°ÑF.H. Colson, Philo, (Harvard University Press, 1960).

32 µS¤Ó¥j¥v¡A¨÷¥|4.3; 8.8, 22.

33 M.A. Dandamajew, "Der Tempelzehnte in Babylonien ?? wa/hrend ?? des 6-4. Jh. v. uZ", ?? Beitra/ge zur Alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Festschrift  fu/r  Franz Altheim 1, (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1969)82-90.

34 E. Salonen, "Ueber den Zehnten in alten Mesopotamien", Studia Orientalia XLIII: 4(Helsinki, 1972): 43.

35 H. Jagersma, "The Tithes in the Old Testament", OTS 21(1981): 116-128.

 

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¦b¬ù¾ú¥v®Ñ¤¤¡AÁöµM¥u¦³¤@¦¸°O¸ü¡A§Æ¦è®a¤ýªº©v±Ð´_¿³¤¤¡A§h©J¦¬¨ú¤Q¤À¤@¡]¥N¤U¤Ê¤@5-19¡^¡A¦ý¦Û±q¤júÒ¶}©l¡A¸t·µªº»Ý¥Î¤w¥Ñ¤ý®w­t³d¡A©Ò¥H¤Q¤À¤@¤j·§¬O¬F©²µ|¦¬ªº¤@¶µ¡A¼Æ¶q¤]¤£¥²¬O­Ó¤H¦¬¤Jªº¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¡A¥i¯à¦b¬F®wµ|¦¬¤¤«ö¸t·µ©Ò»Ý¼·¥X¤@­Ó¦Ê¤À²v¡C§Æ¦è®a®Éªº¤Q¤À¤@¦³¤@¨Ç¯S§Oªº¦a¤è¡A«~ºØ¤è­±¡A°£¤F¥H«e¸g¤å¦CÁ|ªºª««~¥~¡AÁÙ¥[²K»eªº¤@­Ó¶µ¥Ø¡C¦Ü©ó¼Æ¶q¤è­±¡A¥²©w¶W¹L¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¡A¦]¬°¥H¦â¦C¤H¥æ¨Óªº¤Q¤À¤@¬O¦h¦h°e¨Ó¡K¡K°e¨Óªº·¥¦h¡K¡K¿n¦¨°ïÅ|¡K¡K³Ñ¤Uªº¬Æ¦h¡K¡K³Ñ¤Uªº¤~³o¼ËÂײ±¡]5¡B7¡B10¸`¡^¡A©Ò¥H§Æ¦è®a§h©J¦b·µùعw³Æ­Ü©Ð¦¬ÂáA§@¸t·µ¸g±`¸g¶O¡C³o¤j·§¬Oº¿¤T10§h©J­n±N·í¯Çªº¤Q¤À¤@°e¤J­Ü®wªº­I´º¡CµL½×¦p¦ó¡A¥»¬q¦P¼Ë±j½Õ¥L­Ìªº¤Q¤À¤@¬O¸Û¤ß©M¼Ö·NÄmªº¡]12¡B14¸`¡^¡A¦Ó§Q¥¼¤HªºÂ¾³d´N¬OºÞ²z³o¨Ç¸Û¤ß¼Ö·Nªº¨Ñª«¡]15¸`¡A©M¦X¥»¨Ñºò­nªºÂ¾¥ô§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¥u¬O hn;Wma> ~#mu^na{h ¡A§Yl2¸`ªº¸Û¤ß¡^¡C37³o¬q¸t¸g¦h¦¸»¡©ú¤Q¤À¤@µÛ­«¤º¤ßºA«×¹L©óª««~½è¶q¡C

¦Ü©ó¬ù¾l¤Uªº¤G³B¸g¤å¡A¥§¤Q37°ò¥»­«½Æ¥N¤U¤Ê5-19ªº¨Æ±¡¡A¥u¬OºØÃþ¤W¥[¤Wªì¼ô³Á¤l©Ò¿iªºÄÑ¡Cº¿¤T8-12¥i»¡¬O¬ù¤Q¤À¤@±Ð¾ÉªºÁ`µ²¡A³o¬q¨S¦³¦C¥X¥ô¦óª««~¦WºÙ¡A¦ý»¡©ú¬O·íÄmªº¨Ñª«©M·í¯Çªº¡A¦Ü©ó¼Æ¶q¤è­±¡A¤]¨S¦³²M·¡¸Ñ©ú¡A«o±j½Õ¥²¶·¥þµM¡A¡u§Y­n¨D¥L­Ì·Ó¯«ªº¦®·N¦Ó¯Ç¡C¡v38

 

36 ·s¬ù§Æþ¤å¤¤¤åÃã¨å¡Ap. 24; Liddell and Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed.(Oxford University Press, 1940) p.56;A. Barnes, Barne's Note, vol. 9, (Baker, 1949) p.155; Anchor Bible½®Ñ§@a tenth of his choice.

37 «ä°ªÄ¶¥»§@ª««~¡C

38 ³¯²×¹D¡A¤p¥ýª¾®ÑÁ¿¸q¡]¤U¡^¡]¤Ñ¹D1984¡^, p.247.

 

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·s¬ù°£¤F­C¿q§å§Pªk§QÁɤHªº¨º¬q¸g¤å¥~¡]¤Ó¤Ü¤T23¡F¸ô¤Q¤@42¡^¡A¥u¦³ªk§QÁɤH©Mµ|¦Oªº¬è뤤¡A´£¤Î³o¬OµS¤Ó¤Hªº²ßºD¡]¸ô¤Q¤K12¡^¡A©M§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñ¤C³¹¥Î¨È§B©Ô¨uÄm¤Q¤À¤@µ¹³Á°ò¬~¼w§@¬°°ò·þ»P¬ù²½¥q¨î«×ªº¤ñ¸û¡C·s¬ù¤£´£¤Q¤À¤@41·t¥Ü¨â­Ó­«­n±Ð°V¡G

1.¤Q¤À¤@¥O¤H²£¥Í»~·|¡A¥H¬°©^ÄmµÛ­«¼Æ¶q¡A«D±`®e©ö­«ÁеS¤Ó±ÐÂÐÂá¡A²_¬°«ßªk¥D¸q¡A¥H¼Æ¶q©M¦æ°Êµû¦ô©^Ämªº»ù­È¡C2.¬ù¤Q¤À¤@¬O§@¬°¸t¤u¸g¶Oªº¤@­Ó²ÎºÙ¡A³o¬O§@¬°Â¬ù¥H¦â¦C¤Hªí¥ÜºÉ³dªº¤@­Ó´£Ä³¡A¦Ó¤£¬Oú¥I¤§¹ê¦b¦Ê¤À¤ñªº¼Æ¥Ø¡C¬JµM¯«¦b·s¬ù²M·¡ªí©úÍ¢ªº¤ß·N¡A¬O­n«H®{±N¨­ÅéÄm¤W·í§@¬¡²½¡]ù¤Q¤G1¡^¡A«Où«ü¥X§A¦³¬Æ»ò¤£¬O»â¨üªº©O¡]ªL«e¥|7¡^¡A¬JµM¥þ³¡³£¤£¬O¦Û¤v¾Ö¦³ªº¡A´N¤£¯à³æ¥H¤Q¤À¤@¬°Äݯ«¤§ª«¡A¨ä¥L³£¬O¦Û¤vªº¡C

©Ò¥H½×¨ì¬°¸t¤uªº©^Äm¡A«Où»¡¡G¬O«öú¦¤O¶q¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¹L¤F¤O¶q¡A¦Û¤v¥Ì¤ß¼Ö·Nªº®½§U¡K¡K·Óú¦¯«ªº¦®·N¡A¥ý§â¦Û¤vÄmµ¹¥D¡]ªL«á¤K3-5¡^¡C¤£¿ù¡A©^Ämªº¼Æ¥Ø¤£¬O³Ì­«­nªº¦]¯À¡A¦U¤H­nÀH¥»¤ß©Ò°u©wªº¡A¤£­n§@Ãø¡A¤£­n«j±j¡A¦]¬°®½±o¼Ö·Nªº¤H¡A¬O¯«©Ò³ß·Rªº¡]ªL«á¤E7¡^¡CµM¦Ó¡u¤°¤@©^ÄmÁö¬O«ßªkªº¼Ð·Ç¡A«H®{¤£¦b«ßªk¤§¤U¡A¦Ó¦b®¦¨å¤§¤U¡A®¦¨å¤§¤U¡A¥²¦b«ßªk¤§¤W¡C®¦¨åªº¼Ð·ÇÀ³¸Ó¶W¹L«ßªkªº¡A¦³§ó°ªªº¼Ð·Ç¤~¦X¥G¯«ªº¤ß·N¡C¡v42

 

39 G.L. Archer, Jr., "Please Explain", Decision, August, 1980, p.14.

40 Ãö©ó¬ù±Ô­z¤å¾ÇªºÄÀ¸g­nÂI¥i°ÑGordon D. Fee and Douglas Stuart, How To Read The Bible For All Its Worth, (Zondervan, 1981) pp.73-86; R. de Vaux, "Method in the Study of Early Hebrew History", in J.P. Hyatt ed., The Bible in Modern Scholarship, (Abingdon, 1965) pp.15-36; S. Greidanus, Sola Scriptura : Problems & Principles in Preaching Historical Texts, (J.H. Kok, 1970); J. Bright, The Authority of The Old Testament(Abingdon, 1967)esp. pp.182-212.

41 Ãö©ó¦­´Á±Ð·|¹ï¤Q¤À¤@ªº·N¨£½Ð°ÑLukas Vischer, Tithing In The Early Church, (Fortress, 1966).

42 ­ð¦ö¤§¡A·R»P³d¡Ap.85.

 

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