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241 L. Ko/hler, "Hebraische Vokabeln III", Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 58 (1940-1941) 232-234. K. Galling; "Horz", Biblisches Reallexikon, 1977, 138, R.K. Harrison, "Balm", The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 1, 344¡C±M½×¥j¥NªºÂåÃĦ³H.E. Sigerist, A History of Medicine, I: Primitive and Archaic Medicine, 1951, 340, G. Maino, The Healing Hand 1976, 216-217¡C

242 B. Jongeling, "L~expression my yin dans L~ancien Testament", Vetus Testamentum 24 (1974) 32-40, esp. 35.

243 Ugaritic Text 16:1-26-28. S. Gevitz, "The Ugaritic Parallel to Jeremiah 8:23", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 20 (1961) 41-46, Y. Avishur, "Should a Ugaritic Text be Corrected on the Basis of a Biblical Text? ¡Ð A Response", Vetus Testamentum 33 (1983) 330-334.

 

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244 T.W. Overholt, The Threat of Falsehood, A Study in the Theology of the Book of Jeremiah, 1970. M.A. Klopfenstein, Die lu/ge nach dem Alten Testament, 1964, 98-99¡C°Ñ¦Òªº¸g¤å¦³¦C¤ý¬ö¤W¤Ü¤G³¹¤Ü¤T¸`¡F¥HÁɨȮѤ­¤Q¤C³¹¥|¸`¤Î¬ù¿«ºÖ­µ¤K³¹¥|¤Q¥|¸`¡C

245 J. Pedersen, Israel, Its Life and Culture, 1940, I/II, 167-168, A.R. Johnson, The Vitality of the Individual in the Thought of Ancient Israel, 1949, 47-48.

246 J.A. Thompson, The Book of Jeremiah, 309. Revised Standard VersionªºÄ¶µü·Ó³o»¡ªk¡C

 

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¼f§Pªº¨¥µü¥H¶Ç«HªÌªº§Î¦¡¶}ºÝ¡A¦b¥»®Ñ¬O±`¨£ªº¡A¥i°Ñ¦Ò¤Ü¤T³¹¤Q¤­¸`¡C¡u±N­WÁx¤ôµ¹¥L­Ì³Ü¡v¡A¤]¥X²{¦b¤K³¹¤Q¥|¸`¡C±N¯ô³¯µ¹³o¦Ê©m¡A°£¦¹³B¥H¥~¡A¥u¦³¤Ü¤T³¹¤Q¤­¸`´£»¡¡C¯ô³¯¡]A. absinthium¡^ªº¸­¤l©_­W¡AªG¤l¥i§@ÃÄ«~¡C250

¤À´²¦b¦C¨¹¤¤¡A¥¿¦p¤T¤Q³¹¤Q¤@¸`¡G¡u»°´²§A¨ìªº¨º¨Ç°ê·Àµ´²bºÉ¡v¡C¨º¬O¡u§A©Ò¤£»{ÃѪº¦U°ê¡v¡]µ²¤Ê¤G9¸`¡^¡C

¤Q¤»¸`¤U»P¥|¤Q¤E³¹¤Ê¤C¸`¬Û¦ü¡A¨º¬O½×¥HÄdªº¹w¨¥¡C

¥H¤W³£¬O¯«ÂÇ­C§Q¦Ì©Ò«Å¥¬ªº¼f§P¡A¦b¥D«e587¦~µS¤j±Ñ¤`¤w¸gÀ³Åç¡A¦Ó¥B¤@ª½©µ¨ìªi´µªº®É¥N¡C®Ú¾Ú¦Ò¥j¾Çªº½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¡A­C¸ô¼»§N«°ªº¤H¤f¡A¦b¨È¾ú¤s¤j¤j«ÒªF©º®É¥u³Ñ¤U¥|¤d¤K¦Ê¤H¡A¦Ó¬ù¦è¨È¤ýªº®É´Á¦³¤G¸U¤H¥ª¥k¡C251¥i¨£¼f§Pªº«áªG¬O¤Q¤À±~ºGªº¡A¦ý¬O³o¹êªp¤w¨¬°÷»¡©ú¯«ªº¤½¸q¡C¦bªi´µ®É¥N¡A¥H¦â¦C¤H¤wÂk¦^¡A¦ý¯u¥¿´_¿³¨Ã¥¼¹ê²{¡C

 

247 S. Talmon, "The 'Desert Motif' in the Bible and in Qumran Literature", Biblical Motifs: Origins and Transformations, ed. A. Altmann, 1966, 40.

248 W.L. Holladay, Jeremiah I, 307¤Þ¥Î¸ô¼wªº»¡ªk¡C

249 C. Brockelmann, Hebra/ische Syntax 1956, sec. 157.

250 M. Zohary, "Flora", The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 2, 297b.

251 M. Broshi, "Estimating the Population of Ancient Jerusalem", Biblical Archaeologist Reader, 4/2 (1978) 12-13.

 

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´£¨ì«Í­º¡A°Ñ¦Òªº¸g¤å¦b¤C³¹¤Ê¤T¸`¡A¦n¹³ÁT¤g¡A¤K³¹¤G¸`¤]´¿´£¤Î¡A¦¹¥~ÁÙ¦³¦C¤ý¬ö¤U¤E³¹¤Ê¤C¸`¡C¤Þ¥Î¥ýª¾¥H§Q¨Èªº¸Ü¡A­C¬~§Oªº«Í­º¥²¦b­C´µ¦C¥Ð¶¡¦p¦PÁT¤g¡A§¹¥þ³Q¿ò±ó¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò­C¬~§O³Q³B¦ºªº±¡´º¡A¦o¦b³Q±þ¤§«e¡A±qµ¡¤á±æ¥X¨Ó¡A¥H«á¦o³Q¤H±qµ¡¤á¥µ¥X¨Ó¡]¤ý¤U¤E30¡B32¡^¡C­C§Q¦Ì¬O§_¥H¦¹¾ú¥v¨Æ¥ó¨Ó´y¼g¥H¦â¦C¤H¤é«áªº¦D»@¡H²{¦b¤w¸g»¡©ú¡A±N¬O¥H¦â¦C¤H¥²µLªk°k²æ¡C

¤Hªº«Í­º¦n¹³¦¬³Îªº¤H¿ò¸¨ªº¤@§â¡C³oùئ¬³ÎªÌ¬O«ü¦º¤`¡A¿ò¸¨ªº¤@§â¯d¤U¤£¦¬¡A¤]¥²¦¨¬°¼o±ó¤§ª«¡AµL¤H¦¬¨ú¡A¤]µL¤H¬ö©À¡C  ³o¬q¸g¤å¥i¥H»P¥|³¹¤Ü¤T¦Ü¤Ü¤K¸`¨Ã¦C¡C¦b²Ä¥|³¹¡A­C§Q¦Ì¬Ý¨ì¦t©z¦b³Q³y«eªº¯î¿¾¡C¦¹³B«o¬O¦º¤`ªº¯«©ú¸v·N¯}Ãa¡A¨Ï¤H·À¤`¡C³oùØÁÙ¤£¶È«ü¸t¬ù¤§¥Á¨ü¦D»@³Q·Àµ´¡A¤]¬O¹ï©Ò¦³ªº¥@¤H¡C¥L­Ì¦b¯«¤½¸qªº¼f§P¤U³£±Ñ¸¨·À¤`¡C©ó¬O³oùتº«sºq¤£¥u¬O¹ï¥H¦â¦C¤H¡A¤]¹ï´¶¥@ªº¤H¡A¦]¬°¼f§P¬O´¶¥@ªº¡A¥¿¦p±Ï®¦¬O´¶¥@ªº¡C¤H¤£Ä@±oú¦±Ï®¦¡A´N¥²¦b¼f§P¤§¤U¡C

 

252 H.W. Wolff, "Der Aufruf zur Volksklage", Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestament Liche Wissenschaft, 76 (1964) 48-56.

253 W.L. Holladay, Jeremiah I, 312.

254 J. Pritchard, The Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 109a; W. Zimmerli, Ezekiel I, 243-243; G.A. Cooke, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel, 1936, 96-99.

255 E. Jacob, "Mourning", The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 3, 452-454.

256 M.H. Pope, "Mot", The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, Supplement, 607-608.

257 U. Cassuto, "The Palace of Baal in Tablet II AB of Ras Shamra", Biblical and Oriental Studies II, 1975, 113-139, esp. 134, "The Palace of Baal", Journal of Biblical Literature 61 (1942) 51-56.

258 Ugaritic Text 4, 5, 123-127. A. Pohl, "Miszellen, 3, Jeremiah 9, 20", Biblica, 22 (1941) 36-37, H.L. Ginsberg, "The Ugaritic Texts an Textual Criticism", Journal of Biblical Literature 62 (1943) 113-114.

259 S.M. Paul, "Cuneiform Light on Jer. 9:20", Biblica 49 (1968) 374-376.

260 A. Closs, "Death (Primitive Concepts of)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, (1967) 4, 686-687.

261 L. Neufeld, "Hygiene Conditions in Ancient Israel (Iron Age)", The Biblical Archaeologist 34 (1971) 42-66, esp. 49-50.

262 D. Noy, "Angel of Death", Encyclopedia Judaica, 1971-1972, 2, 951-956.

263 B. Tuchman, A Distant Mirror, 1979, 124-125.

 

g.¾a¯«¥i¸Ø³Ó¡]¤E23-24¡^

¦b«sºq¤§«á¡A¤S¦³¤@¬q´¼¼z¤§¨¥¡C¥ýª¾¬Ý¨£³o¬O³ÌÄY­«ªº®É¥N¡A°ß¤@ªº¬ß±æ¥u¦b©ó¯«ªº«H¹ê»P¤½¸q¡C³oùجO¤@¨Ç´d¹Äªº¸Ü¡C¦]¬°´¼¼zªÌ¡B«i¤h¡B°]¥D³£§Ñ°O­C©MµØ¡A¥u¦£©ó¥L­Ì¦Û¤vªº¦æ°Ê¡A³³¾K¦b¥L­Ì¦Û¤vªº¦¨´N¤§¤¤¡C

¦bÅéµô¤è­±¤Q¤ÀÅã©úªº¥DÃD¤U¨Ì¦¸½×­z¡A¡u¤£­n¦]¡K¡K¸Ø¤f¡K¡K¸Ø¤fªº«o¦]¡K¡K¡C¡v¦b¶}ºÝ¦³¶Ç«HªÌªº§Î¦¡¡G¡u­C©MµØ¦p¦¹»¡¡v¡C¦A¥H¡u³o¬O­C©MµØ»¡ªº¡C¡v­C©MµØªº¸t¨¥¡C¦b½×­z¤¤¥i¿×«D±`©úÅã¡C

¥»¬q¬O¤ñ¸ûªñ¥G²z½×¡A¤£¹³¥»®Ñ¨ä¥L³¡¤À«Ü¹ê»ÚÀ³¥Î¡Cªp¥B³o¨â¸`¸g¤å¬O½e¨¥ªº©Ê½è¡A»P¥»®Ñªº¤@¯ë¤åÅ餣ºÉ¬Û¦P¡A¥i¿×­C§Q¦Ìªº¹w¨¥«H®§¤¤¤Q¤À¯S¥Xªº¤@¬q¡C264¥»¬q½T¦³´¼¼z¤å¾Çªº®æ½Õ¡A¦ý¤´·¥¬°¤£¦P¡A¨S¦³¹³½e¨¥®Ñ¨º»ò¼s¤j¡A¦p¤ñ¸û½e¨¥®Ñ¤T¤Q³¹¤Q¤@¦Ü¤Ê¤@¸`¡A´N¬Ý¥X§_©wªº§Î¦¡¬O¥»¬qªº¯S©Ê¡C©R¥Oµü¦b½e¨¥¤¤¤]¤£¨º»ò¦h¡A¥i¤ñ¸û½e¨¥®Ñ¤Ü¤C³¹¤@¦Ü¤G¸`¡A¤S¦b½e¨¥®Ñ¤Ü¤G³¹¤Î¤Ü¤T¡B¤Ü¥|³¹¡C

³o¨â¸`¤´À³ÄÝ¥ýª¾ªº«H®§¡A¥H­C©MµØªº¸Ü¬°¶}ºÝ»Pµ²»y¡A¥i¤ñ¸ûÀ±­{®Ñ¤»³¹¤K¸`ªº«ßªk¤§¨¥µü¡A¤S¥i§@§»ö¤¤©Ò©À»wªº¸g¤å¡C265

²Ä¤E³¹¤Ü¤T¡B¤Ü¥|¸`¡u­C©MµØ¦p¦¹»¡¡A´¼¼z¤H¤£­n¦]¥Lªº´¼¼z¸Ø¤f¡A«i¤h¤£­n¦]¥Lªº«i¤O¸Ø¤f¡A°]¥D¤£­n¦]¥Lªº°]ª«¸Ø¤f¡C¸Ø¤fªº«o¦]¥L¦³Áo©ú¡B»{ÃѧڬO­C©MµØ¡A¤Sª¾¹D§Ú³ß®®¦b¥@¤W¬I¦æ·O·R¤½¥­©M¤½¸q¡A¥H¦¹¸Ø¤f¡A³o¬O­C©MµØ»¡ªº¡C¡v

¤@¯ë¥@¤H©Ò°l³vªº¡A¤£¥~³o¤T¼Ë¡A¤~¤O¡B«i¤O¡B»P°]¤O¡C¤~¤O¬O´¼¼z¡A§Y«ü¹ê¾Ç¦Ó±oªºª¾ÃÑ»P¸gÅç¡C266«i¤OÁÙ¤£¶È«üÅé¤O¡]¤h¤K21¡^¡A§ó¥]¬A­x¨Æ»P¬Fªvªº¤O¶q¡]¤ý¤W¤Q¤­23¡FÁɤQ¤@2¡^¡C°]¤O¬O°]ª«»P´I¶Q¡C³o¤T¼Ë¤]½T¬O´¼¼z¤å¾Ç¤¤ªº­«ÂI¡A¦p´¼¼z¦b½e¨¥¤@³¹¤G¸`¡A¤G³¹¤»¸`¡C«i¤O¦b½e¨¥®Ñ¤G¤Q³¹¤Ü¤E¸`¡C°]¤O¦b½e¨¥®Ñ¤Q¤@³¹¥|¸`¡C¶Ç¹D®Ñ³]ªk±N³o¤TªÌ¤§ÃöÁp¥[¥H°Q½×¡]¶Ç¤E11¡B16¡^¡C³o½T¬O¥H¦â¦C§g¤ý¾ú¥v¤¤©Ò½×ªº¡A§g¤ýªºÅv¶Õ¬O«Ø³y¦b³o¤T¤è­±¡A¬°¨D°ê®a¤§¦w©w»P¦w¥þ¡C267¥i±¤³o¼Ëªº¸ØÄ£¬OµL¥Îªº¡C

¸ØÄ£¥²¶·¶°¤¤¦b­C©MµØ¡A»{ÃÑ­C©MµØ¤~¬O´¼¼zªº¶}ºÝ¡C¦¹³B¡uÁo©ú¡v¬O«ü¦³«ä·Q¡B¦³¨£¸Ñ¡B¦æ¨Æ´¼¼z¡A¥i¥H¦¨¥\¡C268»{ÃÑ­C©MµØ¡A¦b¥|³¹¤Ü¤G¸`¤w¸g´£»¡¤F¡C

»{ÃÑ­C©MµØ¡Aª¾¹D¯«³ß®®¦b¥@¤W¬I¦æ·O·R¡C¡u·O·R¡v¥iĶ¬°«H¹ê¡]°Ñ¤G2¡^¡C¤½¥­»P¤½¸q¡A¥i°Ñ¾\¥|³¹¤G¸`¡C¡u¬I¦æ¡v¤£¶È«ü¦æ¬°¡A¤]«ü³Ð³y©Êªº¦æ°Ê¡CÍ¢¤£¶È¦b¥H¦â¦C¦a¡A¤]¦b¥þ¦a¡A¥þ¥@¬É¤¤Í¢³£¬I®¦¡C¡u¯«³ß®®¡v¡A¥i°Ñ¾\¤»³¹¤Q¸`ªº¤º®e¡C

¦¹³B¥i»¡¬O¤@ºØ©I¥l¡A©IÆ~¤HÀ³¥H¯«¬°¤¤¤ß¡A¤£¥i¦Û¤v¸ØÄ£¡C«Où¦V­ôªL¦h±Ð·|»¡¡G¡u¸Ø¤fªº·í«üú¦¥D¸Ø¤f¡C¡v¬O¤Þ¥Î­C§Q¦Ìªº¸Ü¡]ªL«e¤@31¤ÎªL«á¤Q17¡^¡C½×¸Ø¤f¡A¦b­ôªL¦h«á®Ñ¤Q¤@³¹¤@¸`¦Ü¤Q¤G³¹¤Q¸`¦³¸ÔºÉªº½×­z¡C¶®¦U®Ñ¤@³¹¤E¦Ü¤Q¸`¤]¦³Ãþ¦üªº¸Ü¡G¨õ·Lªº§Ì¥S¤É°ª´N¸Ó³ß¼Ö¡]¡u³ß¼Ö¡v­ì·N¬°¡u¸ØÄ£¡v¡^¡A¯u¥¿ªººaÄ£¥u¦b¯«¡C269°ß¦³¾a¯«¤~¥i¸Ø³Ó¡C

·O·R¤½¥­»P¤½¸q¡A¤]¬O¯«¦bÍ¢ªº¤l¥Á¨­¤W©Ò´Á±æªº¡C·í¤H­Ì¥H¤½¥­»P¤½¸q¦æ¨Æ¡A¯«ªº¤½¸q¤~¥i´¶¹M¦a¦æ¦b¦a¤W¡CÀ±ÁɨȱϥD¥²¶·¦b¦a¤Wªv²z¥Lªº°ê¡A¥H¤½¥­»P¤½¸q¨Ï°ê°í©wí©T¡]ÁɤE7¡^¡C

¤@¤Á¤~¤O¡B«i¤O»P°]¤O¦b·q¬È¯«ªº±¡§Î¤U¤´¦³»ù­È¡A¦ý¥u¬OªþÄݪº¡B¦¸­nªº¡C°ß¦³»{ÃÑ­C©MµØ¡A©Ó»{Í¢ªºÅv¯à¡A¨Ã¥BÅýÍ¢¥HÍ¢ªº·O·R¡B¤½¥­»P¤½¸q¥Rº¡¦b§Ú­ÌùØ­±¡A¨ÏÍ¢ªº¤ß·N¯à°÷¹ê²{¦bÍ¢ªº¥Á¤¤¡A¤~¬OÍ¢©Ò³ß®®ªº¡Cªp¥BÍ¢ªºÄ@±æ¤£¶È¦bÍ¢ªº¥Á¡A¤]¦b´¶¥@ªº¥þ¤HÃþ¡A¦]¬°Í¢©Ò³Ð³yªº¡AÍ¢³£Ä@·N±ÏÅ«»P¬I®¦¡C

 

264 J.P. Hyatt, "Introduction and Exegesis, Jeremiah", The Interpreter's Bible, 5, 775-1142; W.A. Brueggemann, "The Epistemological Crisis of Israel's Two Histories (Jeremiah 9:22-23)", Israelite Wisdom, Theological and Literary Essays in Honor of Samuel Terrien, eds. J.G. Gammie et all, 1978, 85-105.

265 J.L. Mays, Micah, 1976, 138; D.R. Hillers, Micah, 1984, 79; W.H. Wolff, Micha, 144-145.

266 G. von Rad, Wisdom in Israel, 1972, 12-14.

267 W.A. Bruggemann, op. cit., 85-105.

268 W.L. Holladay, Jeremiah I, 318.

269 I Clement 13:1.

 

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¥»³¹³Ì«á¨â¸`¦ü»P¤W¤å¤£¬Æ¬Û³s¡A¦ý­«ÂI¦b³Î§¡C³Î§¦p¥u¬O¥~ªíªºÂ§»ö¡A¨S¦³¤°»ò·N¸q¥i¨¥¡C³o¥²¶·¬O¤º¤ßªº¡A¹ï­C©MµØ¶¶ªAªº¤ß·N¡C

²Ä¤E³¹¤Ü¤­¡B¤Ü¤»¸`¡u­C©MµØ»¡¡A¬Ý­þ¡A¤é¤l±N¨ì¡A§Ú¨ì¦D»@¤@¤Á¨ü¹L³Î§¡B¤ß«o¥¼¨ü³Î§ªº¡C´N¬O®J¤Î¡BµS¤j¡B¥HªF¡B¨È±¿¤H¡B¼¯©ã¤H©M¤@¤Á¦í¦bÃm³¥«c©P³òÀY¾vªº¡A¦]¬°¦C°ê¤H³£¨S¦³¨ü³Î§¡A¥H¦â¦C¤H¤ß¤¤¡A¤]¨S¦³¨ü³Î§¡C¡v

³Î§¬O¥H¦â¦C¤¤¨k¤l¦bÀ¦«Ä®É¥²¶·¿í¦uªº¡A¥Ñ¤÷¥À¥D«ù¡AµM«á¥L´N¥¿¦¡¦¨¬°¥H¦â¦Cªº°ê¥Á¡C±q³o¬q¸g¤å¬Ý¡A¦b¥H¦â¦C¤§¥~¤]¦³³Î§¡A¦p®J¤Îµ¥¦a¡C¦b®J¤Î¡A¤£¬O©Ò¦³¨k¤l³£¶·¨ü³Î§¡A¦Ó¥u­­©ó²½¥q¤Î¤W¼h¶¥¯Åªº¡A©Ò¥H»P¥H¦â¦C¤£¦P¡C270¥HªF¤H¡B¼¯©ã¤H»P¨È±¿¤H¨ü³Î§¡A¨ÃµL¹ê»ÚªºÃÒ¾Ú¡C¦ý¦b¥H¦èµ²®Ñ¤Ê¤G³¹¤Ü¤E¸`¡A¥HªF»P¥¼¨ü³Î§ªº¤H¦³§O¡C¥i¨£«D§Q¤h¤H¤£¨ü³Î§¡A¥HªF¤H«o¬O¨ü³Î§ªº¡C

¦³Ãö«c©P³òÀY¾vªº¡A¦b¥»®Ñ¤Ü¤­³¹¤Ü¤T¸`¤Î¥|¤Q¤E³¹¤Ê¤G¸`¡A¬O«ü¨È©Ô§B¤H¡A¥L­Ì¬O¦í¦bÃm³¥ªº¤H¡C¥L­Ìªº¯ª¥ý¥H¹êº¿§Q¨ü¹L³Î§¡]³Ð¤Q¤C25¡^¡C¥L­Ì¦u³Î§¬O¦b¤T¤Q·³ªº®É­Ô¡C271¦^±Ðªº¥iÄõ¸g¨Ã¥¼´£¤Î³Î§¡A¦ý¥L­Ì¬O¦³³o²ß«Uªº¡C

¥Ñ©ó¥»¬q´£°_¨ü³Î§ªº¤H¡AµS¤j¦b®J¤Î¤§«á¡A¦b¥HªF¤§«e¡A¤C¤Q¤hĶ¥»±N¡uµS¤j¡v¡]ioudaian¡^§ï¦¨¥H¤g¶R¡]idoumaian¡^¡C¥H¤g¶R´N¬O¥HªF¡A³o¼Ë¥HªF´N´£¤F¨â¦¸¤F¡C³oùئü«ü¨ü³Î§ªº¹ï¥¼¨ü³Î§ªº¡A¨ü³Î§ªºÀ³¥i±oú¦­C©MµØªº®¦´f¡A¦ý¬O¥L­Ì¤]¤@¼Ë¨ü¦D»@¡A¦]¬°¯«¤£°¾«Ý¤H¡C¬JµM¨ü³Î§ªº¥¼¥²«H¾a­C©MµØ¡A¤S«ç¥i±oú¦¯«ªº¼¦«ò©O¡H·Ó»¡¥H¦â¦C¤H¬O³Ì¥D±i¨ü³Î§ªº¤H¡A¥L­Ì¤S¬O«H©^­C©MµØªº¡C¥i±¤¥L­Ì¥u¬O¥~ªí¨ü³Î§¡A¤º¤ß«o¨S¦³¡A©Ò¥H»P¥~¨¹¤H¤@¼Ë¦b­C©MµØ¤½¸qªº¼f§P¤§¤U¡C

¦b¥H¦èµ²®Ñ¥|¤Q¥|³¹¤C¡B¤E¸`¡A¥¼¨ü³Î§ªº¥~¨¹¤H¡A¬O¤£¥i¶i¤J¸t¦a¡C¦ý¦b¥HÁɨȮѤ­¤Q¤»³¹¤»¦Ü¤C¸`¡A¥~¨¹¤H­Y«H©^­C©MµØ¡A¤]¥i³Q»â¨ì¯«ªº¸t¤s¡C¥D­C¿q´¿ºÙÆg¤@­Óù°¨ªº¦Ê¤Òªø«H¤ß¡]¤Ó¤K10¡F¸ô¤C9¡^¡C©Ò¥H¥q´£¤ÏªºÁ¿¹D¡A»P«Où®Ñ«H¤¤ªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A³£»{¬°¨ü³Î§µLÃöºò­n¡A­nºòªº¬O§@·s³yªº¤H¡C

 

270 ¦³Ãö³Î§¡A°Ñ¾\E. Schu/rer, Geschichte des ju/dischen Volkes, 1901, 1, 175-176¤Þ¥ÎHerodotus 2, 36-37, 104; Diodorus Siculus 1, 28¡C®J¤Î¤H¤]¨ü³Î§¡A¦Ò¥j¾Ç¬ã¨sªº¸ê®Æ¥i°Ñ¦ÒJ.M. Sasson, "Circumcision in the Ancient Near East", Journal of Biblical Literature 85 (1966) 473-476.

271 Josephus, Antiquities, 1, 12. 2.

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